Organic chemistry Definitions/Details Flashcards by Glenn Dodoo

Homologous series

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

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Saturated compound

A compound that has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

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Unsaturated compound

A compound that has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

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Functional group

an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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Structural isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

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Structural formula

an ambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

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General formula of alkanes

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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General formula of alkenes

CₙH₂ₙ

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General formula of alcohols

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

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General formula of carboxylic acids

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH

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General characteristics of a homologous series

-Having the same functional group
-Having the same general formula
-Differing from one member to the next by a -CH₂- unit
-Displaying a trend in physical properties
-Sharing similar chemical properties

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The bonding in alkanes is…

single covalent

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Alkanes are…

saturated hydrocarbons

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In terms of reactivity, alkanes are…

generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion and substitution by chlorine

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What happens in a substitution reaction

One atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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Features of the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine

-A photochemical reaction(occurs as a result of light energy)
-Ultraviolet light provides the activation energy

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The suffix -ane refers to…

alkanes

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The suffix -ene refers to…

alkenes

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The suffix -ol refers to…

alcohols

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The suffix -oic acid refers to…

carboxylic acids

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The prefix meth- means that…

there is 1 carbon atom

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The prefix eth- means that…

there are 2 carbon atoms

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The prefix prop- means that…

there are 3 carbon atoms

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The prefix but- means that…

there are 4 carbon atoms

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The prefix pent- means that...

there are 5 carbon atoms

The prefix hex- means that...

there are 6 carbon atoms

The bonding in alkenes includes a...

double carbon-carbon covalent bond

Alkenes are...

unsaturated hydrocarbons

In an addition reaction...

an unsaturated alkene is turned into a saturated compound(only one product is formed)

Functional group of alkenes

C=C

How alkenes are made

By cracking alkanes(using a high temperature and a catalyst)

Why alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes

The double bond in alkenes can break to add on other atoms

Addition polymerisation

an addition reaction in which alkene molecules(monomers) add on to each other to form compounds with much longer carbon chains(polymers)

Test for unsaturation

-Add bromine water(which is orange) to a compound -If a C=C bond is present in that compound, the solution becomes colourless

Reactions between hydrogen and alkenes will produce...

alkanes

Conditions required for reactions between hydrogen and alkenes

-Temperature: 150°C -Catalyst: nickel catalyst

Hydration reaction

a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with water

What happens when alkenes react with steam

Alcohols are formed

Conditions required for reactions between steam and alkenes

-Temperature: 300°C -Pressure: 60atm -Catalyst: (phosphoric)acid catalyst

Complete combustion of alkanes

The alkane and oxygen react together to form carbon dioxide and water

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

The alkane and oxygen react together to form carbon monoxide and water

Functional group of alcohols

Uses of ethanol

-Is a good solvent(dissolves many substances that don't dissolve in water) -Is used as a fuel

Combustion of ethanol

Ethanol reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

Conditions required for the fermentation of aqueous glucose(to form ethanol)

-Temperature: 25-35°C -In the presence of yeast -Catalyst: yeast enzymes -In the absence of oxygen

Conditions required for the hydration of ethene

-Temperature: 300°C -Pressure: 60atm -Catalyst: (Phosphoric)acid catalyst

Advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation

-Renewable(uses plants) -Uses less energy(lower temperature and pressure)

Disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation

-Produces carbon dioxide as waste -Slow process

Advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the hydration of ethene

-No waste products -Produces ethanol continuously -Quicker process

Disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the hydration of ethene

-Requires a lot of energy(high heat and pressures) -Use of crude oil which is non-renewable

Functional group of carboxylic acids

COOH

In terms of acidity, all carboxylic acids are...

weak acids

Carboxylic acids are made by...

oxidising alcohols

Process of fermentation of ethanol

When ethanol is left in presence of oxygen(eg. in open air), bacteria will bring about its oxidation to ethanoic acid

Process of oxidation via acidified potassium manganate(VII)

When ethanol is heated with the oxidising agent acidified potassium manganate(VII), ethanoic acid is formed

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

An ester and water is formed

Reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols are...

-reversible -condensation reactions

Condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water)

In an ester, the alcohol part comes...

first in the name but second in the formula

Catalyst for reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols

Concentrated sulfuric acid

Fossil fuels

-Coal -Natural gas -Petroleum

Main constituent of natural gas

Methane

Hydrocarbons

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

Petroleum is a...

mixture of hydrocarbons

Use of refinery gas fraction

Used in heating and cooking

Use of gasoline/petrol fraction

Fuel used in cars

Use of naptha fraction

Chemical feedstock(source for making other chemicals)

Use of kerosene/paraffin fraction

Jet fuel

Use of diesel oil/gas oil fraction

Fuel used in diesel engines

Use of fuel oil fraction

Fuel used in ships and home heating systems

Use of lubricating oil fraction

Lubricants, waxes and polishes

Use of bitumen fraction

Making roads

How properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top

-Decreasing chain length -Higher volatility -Lower boiling points -Lower viscosity

Polymers

large molecules built up from small molecules(called monomers)

What plastics are made from

Polymers

Environmental challenges caused by plastics

-Disposal in land fill sites -Accumulation in oceans -Formation of toxic gases from burning

Why plastics are hard to dispose of

-Plastics are made from polymers -Polymers are non-biodegradable(they don't decay) -Burning them isn't good as poisonous gases form as a result

Proteins

natural polyamides

Features of PET

Can be converted back to monomers and re-polymerised

Difference between addition and condensation polymerisation

-There are no additional products made apart from the polymer in addition reaction -A small molecule(eg. water) is also formed along with the polymer in a condensation reaction