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IGCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION > Organic chemistry Definitions/Details > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Definitions/Details Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous series

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

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2
Q

Saturated compound

A

A compound that has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

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3
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

A compound that has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

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4
Q

Functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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5
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

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6
Q

Structural formula

A

an ambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

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7
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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8
Q

General formula of alkenes

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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9
Q

General formula of alcohols

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

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10
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH

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11
Q

General characteristics of a homologous series

A

-Having the same functional group
-Having the same general formula
-Differing from one member to the next by a -CH₂- unit
-Displaying a trend in physical properties
-Sharing similar chemical properties

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12
Q

The bonding in alkanes is…

A

single covalent

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13
Q

Alkanes are…

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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14
Q

In terms of reactivity, alkanes are…

A

generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion and substitution by chlorine

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15
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction

A

One atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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16
Q

Features of the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine

A

-A photochemical reaction(occurs as a result of light energy)
-Ultraviolet light provides the activation energy

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17
Q

The suffix -ane refers to…

A

alkanes

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18
Q

The suffix -ene refers to…

A

alkenes

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19
Q

The suffix -ol refers to…

A

alcohols

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20
Q

The suffix -oic acid refers to…

A

carboxylic acids

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21
Q

The prefix meth- means that…

A

there is 1 carbon atom

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22
Q

The prefix eth- means that…

A

there are 2 carbon atoms

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23
Q

The prefix prop- means that…

A

there are 3 carbon atoms

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24
Q

The prefix but- means that…

A

there are 4 carbon atoms

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25
Q

The prefix pent- means that…

A

there are 5 carbon atoms

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26
Q

The prefix hex- means that…

A

there are 6 carbon atoms

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27
Q

The bonding in alkenes includes a…

A

double carbon-carbon covalent bond

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28
Q

Alkenes are…

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons

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29
Q

In an addition reaction…

A

an unsaturated alkene is turned into a saturated compound(only one product is formed)

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30
Q

Functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

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31
Q

How alkenes are made

A

By cracking alkanes(using a high temperature and a catalyst)

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32
Q

Why alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes

A

The double bond in alkenes can break to add on other atoms

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33
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

an addition reaction in which alkene molecules(monomers) add on to each other to form compounds with much longer carbon chains(polymers)

34
Q

Test for unsaturation

A

-Add bromine water(which is orange) to a compound
-If a C=C bond is present in that compound, the solution becomes colourless

35
Q

Reactions between hydrogen and alkenes will produce…

A

alkanes

36
Q

Conditions required for reactions between hydrogen and alkenes

A

-Temperature: 150°C
-Catalyst: nickel catalyst

37
Q

Hydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with water

38
Q

What happens when alkenes react with steam

A

Alcohols are formed

39
Q

Conditions required for reactions between steam and alkenes

A

-Temperature: 300°C
-Pressure: 60atm
-Catalyst: (phosphoric)acid catalyst

40
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes

A

The alkane and oxygen react together to form carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

The alkane and oxygen react together to form carbon monoxide and water

42
Q

Functional group of alcohols

A

OH

43
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

-Is a good solvent(dissolves many substances that don’t dissolve in water)
-Is used as a fuel

44
Q

Combustion of ethanol

A

Ethanol reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

45
Q

Conditions required for the fermentation of aqueous glucose(to form ethanol)

A

-Temperature: 25-35°C
-In the presence of yeast
-Catalyst: yeast enzymes
-In the absence of oxygen

46
Q

Conditions required for the hydration of ethene

A

-Temperature: 300°C
-Pressure: 60atm
-Catalyst: (Phosphoric)acid catalyst

47
Q

Advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation

A

-Renewable(uses plants)
-Uses less energy(lower temperature and pressure)

48
Q

Disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation

A

-Produces carbon dioxide as waste
-Slow process

49
Q

Advantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the hydration of ethene

A

-No waste products
-Produces ethanol continuously
-Quicker process

50
Q

Disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by the hydration of ethene

A

-Requires a lot of energy(high heat and pressures)
-Use of crude oil which is non-renewable

51
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

52
Q

In terms of acidity, all carboxylic acids are…

A

weak acids

53
Q

Carboxylic acids are made by…

A

oxidising alcohols

54
Q

Process of fermentation of ethanol

A

When ethanol is left in presence of oxygen(eg. in open air), bacteria will bring about its oxidation to ethanoic acid

55
Q

Process of oxidation via acidified potassium
manganate(VII)

A

When ethanol is heated with the oxidising agent acidified potassium manganate(VII), ethanoic acid is formed

56
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

A

An ester and water is formed

57
Q

Reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols are…

A

-reversible
-condensation reactions

58
Q

Condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water)

59
Q

In an ester, the alcohol part comes…

A

first in the name but second in the formula

60
Q

Catalyst for reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid

61
Q

Fossil fuels

A

-Coal
-Natural gas
-Petroleum

62
Q

Main constituent of natural gas

A

Methane

63
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

64
Q

Petroleum is a…

A

mixture of hydrocarbons

65
Q

Use of refinery gas fraction

A

Used in heating and cooking

66
Q

Use of gasoline/petrol fraction

A

Fuel used in cars

67
Q

Use of naptha fraction

A

Chemical feedstock(source for making other chemicals)

68
Q

Use of kerosene/paraffin fraction

A

Jet fuel

69
Q

Use of diesel oil/gas oil fraction

A

Fuel used in diesel engines

70
Q

Use of fuel oil fraction

A

Fuel used in ships and home heating systems

71
Q

Use of lubricating oil fraction

A

Lubricants, waxes and polishes

72
Q

Use of bitumen fraction

A

Making roads

73
Q

How properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top

A

-Decreasing chain length
-Higher volatility
-Lower boiling points
-Lower viscosity

74
Q

Polymers

A

large molecules built up from small molecules(called monomers)

75
Q

What plastics are made from

A

Polymers

76
Q

Environmental challenges caused by plastics

A

-Disposal in land fill sites
-Accumulation in oceans
-Formation of toxic gases from burning

77
Q

Why plastics are hard to dispose of

A

-Plastics are made from polymers
-Polymers are non-biodegradable(they don’t decay)
-Burning them isn’t good as poisonous gases form as a result

78
Q

Proteins

A

natural polyamides

78
Q

Features of PET

A

Can be converted back to monomers and re-polymerised

79
Q

Difference between addition and condensation polymerisation

A

-There are no additional products made apart from the polymer in addition reaction
-A small molecule(eg. water) is also formed along with the polymer in a condensation reaction

IGCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION (8 decks)

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