Organic Chemistry - C9 - C11 Flashcards
What does organic chemistry means
The chemistry of carbon
How is crude oil formed
It is formed by the anaerobic decay of sea creatures over million of years
what does crude oil contain
It is a mixture of different hydrocarbons
What is an alkane
It is a saturated hydrocarbon found in crude oil
The generic formula for it is Cn H 2n+2
Explain how fractional distillation works
The different alkanes are separated based on their different boiling points
How does the size of the hydrocarbon affect the properties of it Boiling point Volatility Viscosity Flamable
The bigger the hydrocarbon The higher the boiling point The lower the volatility The higher the viscosity The less flamable
What does volatility mean
The tendency to turn into a gas
What does viscosity mean
How easily it flows
How does cracking work
The longer carbon chains are cracked to produce shorter chains and an alkene
It works by vapourising the long chains and then passing them over a hot catalyst
What is the difference beween an alkane and an alkene
An alkane is a saturated hydorcarbon whereas an alkene is unsaturated and contains a double carbon bond.
What is a test to see if something is an alkene
react bromine water with the alkene and the bromine water will decolourise
What is an alkene
It is an unstaturated hydrocarbon produced from cracking
Its generic formula is Cn H2n
Reactions with alkenes
Combustion = carbon dioxide and water
Hydrogenation = alkane
Hydration = alcohol
Addition reactions are possible
What is the functional group of alcohols
- OH
methanol = CH3 OH
What methods are there to making an alcohol
fermentation
alkene + steam
What uses are there for an alcohol
Drinks
solvents
fuels
Reactions with alcohols
Gently oxidised = carboxylic acid
Alcohol + acid = ester + water
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids
- COOH
methanoic acid = HCOOH
What type of acid is carboxylic acid
Why?
A weak acid as it partially ionises in water
Reactions with carboxylic acids
Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen Acid + alkali = salt + water Acid + metal carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide All salts end in -anoate Acid + alcohol = ester + water
What is the functional group of an ester
- COO
Alcohols take the first word
Acid takes the second
What is a polymer
It is a chain of monomers bonded together
What is addition polymerisation
It is when alkene monomers react together to form a polymer chain
What is condensation polyerisation
It is when an acid and an alcohol with two functional groups react together forming a polyester and small molecules like water
What are proteins made from
Monomers called amino acids
What are polysaccharides made from
condensation polymerisation
What is starch made from
Glucose
Describe a monomer of DNA
It is called a Nucleotide
It is a sugar deoxyribose bonded to a phosphate group and a base
What are the 4 types of bases of DNA
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
What shape is DNA
Two polymer strands interwined into a double helix
