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Chemistry OCR A A-level yr 12 > Organic chemistry-basic concepts > Flashcards

Organic chemistry-basic concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

what are organic chemicals?

A

covalent molecules based on the element carbon

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2
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a part of a molecule which determines the way it reacts.

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3
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a series of organic molecules which have the same functional group but each successive member has an additional -CH2

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4
Q

how is a hydrocarbon classified as unsaturated?

A

if the hydrocarbon has a double bond or a triple bond.

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5
Q

relate the first 10 prefixes according to the number of carbon atoms in the main chain in order.

A

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-

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6
Q

what is the functional group for an alkene?

A

contains at least one carbon double bond

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7
Q

what is the functional group for an alkyne?

A

contains at least one carbon triple bond

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8
Q

order the first 10 alkyl group prefixes

A

methyl, ethyl, proply, butly, pently, hexly, heptly, octly, nonly, decly

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9
Q

what is the functional group for an alcohol and what is the prefix?

A

-OH, hydroxyl

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10
Q

what is the functional group for a haloalkane and what is the prefix?

A

-Cl (chloro), -Br (Bromo), -I (iodo)

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11
Q

what is the functional group for aldehyde and what is the suffix?

A

-CHO(double bond between C and O), -al is the suffix

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12
Q

what is the functional group for ketone and what is the suffix?

A

-C(CO)C- (double bond between C and O) and -one is the suffix

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13
Q

what is the functional group for a carboxylic acid and what is the suffix?

A

-COOH (double bond between C and O) and the suffix is -oic acid

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14
Q

what is molecular formula?

A

a formula of a compound which tells us the actual number of atoms of the elements in that compound.

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15
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

a formula where there is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound.

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16
Q

describe the displayed formula?what is a disadvantage?

A

shows the relative position of each atom. Disadvantage: doesn’t show accurate bond angles.

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17
Q

describe the structural formula?

A

shows how atoms are arranged but doesn’t show us the bonds

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18
Q

describe the skeletal formula?

A

only covalent bonds between the atoms, bonds to any functional groups and the atoms of the functional group is shown. Carbon and hydrogen atoms aren’t shown

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19
Q

how is a double bond shown in a skeletal formula?

A

double lines

20
Q

what is a general formula?

A

the simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series.

21
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

22
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

23
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

24
Q

what are stereoisomers?

A

molecules with the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space.

25
Q

what are the two main categories of stereoisomers?

A

geometrical isomers and optical isomers

26
Q

single covalent molecules are fully rotatable. Are double covalent bonds fully rotatable?

A

double covalent bonds have very restricted rotation. It can flex but not rotate.

27
Q

any alkene can have cis/trans isomers as long as it meets what two conditions?

A

-the carbon atoms on the double bond must be attracted to two different groups
-at least one of the those groups must be the same

28
Q

how do you determine weather an alkene is cis or trans?

A

if the atoms of the same group are on the same side it is cis, if its on opposite sides it is trans.

29
Q

how do you determine whether an alkene is E or a Z isomer?

A

if the groups are on the same side of the molecule, it is a Z isomer. if the groups are on opposite sides, it is a E isomer.

30
Q

The E/Z system has one major advantage than the cis/trans system, describe this

A

to use the E/Z system, the groups don’t have to be the same so we use the CIP priority rules. The elements with the greatest atomic number is given the higher priority.

31
Q

what are the two ways in which covalent bonds can be broken?

A

homolytic fission and heterolytic fission

32
Q

what is the definition of a free radical?

A

a reactive species(atoms or groups) which possess an unpaired electron

33
Q

what is homolytic fission?

A

when each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons when a covalent bond is broken producing two free radicals.

34
Q

what is heterolytic fission?

A

when one of the bonded atoms take both of the electrons when a covalent bond is broken. The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion and the atom that doesn’t take any electrons becomes a positive ion.

35
Q

what is an addition reaction?

A

when two reactants join to form one product

36
Q

what is a substitution reaction?

A

an atom or a group is replaced

37
Q

what is an elimination reaction?

A

reaction that involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. One reactant molecule forms two products

38
Q

what is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an alcohol?

A

functional group: -OH
prefix: hydroxyl-
suffix: -ol

39
Q

link the alkyl group to the molecular formula

A

methyl- CH3
ethyl- C2H5
propyl- C3H7 ….

40
Q

what is the prefix used for a alicyclic alkane?

A

cyclo-

41
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

A

functional group: -CHO (double bond O to carbon and hydrogen to carbon)
suffix: -al

42
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for ketone?

A

functional group: -C(CO)C- (double bond O to C)
suffix: -one

43
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for an ester?

A

functional group: -COOH- (C double bond to O and bonded to OH)
suffix: -oate

44
Q

what is the functional group, suffix and prefix for amine?

A

functional group: -NH2
prefix: amino-
suffix: -amine

45
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for nitrile?

A

functional group: -CN
suffix: -nitrile

46
Q

what does a curly arrow represent?

A

movement of a pair of electrons

Chemistry OCR A A-level yr 12 (21 decks)

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