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IGCSE Chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the prefix tell

A

the prefix tells you how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continues chain in the compound

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2
Q

what does the suffix tell you

A
  • ane: compound is an alkane
  • ene: compound is an alkene
  • ol: alcohol
  • oic acid: carboxylic acid
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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

any substance that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

what is catenation

A

the self linking ability of atoms

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5
Q

what is the catenation of carbon

A

one carbon molecule can make up to 4 bonds

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6
Q

what are the fossil fuels

A

crude oil, oil and natural gas

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7
Q

what do fuels do

A

fuels release energy upon being burned

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8
Q

what does natural gas consist of

A

methane

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9
Q

what does petroleum consist of

A

petroleum is essentially crude oil and is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be seperated into its useful fractions by fractional distillation

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10
Q

fractional distillation of petroleum process

A
  • petroleum is heated and turned into a gas before it is sent to the fractionating column to remove its impurities
  • the molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain
  • the boiling point and viscosity of each fraction increases as the carbon chain gets longer
  • temperature increased down the fractionating column because more energy is needed to break the longer carbon chains
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11
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group

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12
Q

general characteristics of homologous series

A
  • compounds have the same functional group
  • they have the same general formula
  • the have similar chemical properties
  • they have different physical properties
  • there is a difference of a CH2 group between consecutive members of a homologous series
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13
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae due to the different arrangement of their atoms

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14
Q

what are the two types of structural isomers

A

chain and position

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15
Q

what is chain isomerism

A

when the structure of the carbon chain diffrs

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16
Q

what is position isomerism

A

when the postion of the functional group differs

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17
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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18
Q

what are alkanes

A

alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which means that they do not have any carbon double bonds or rather they all have single bonds

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19
Q

names and formulas of alkanes

A

http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/organic2/alkanes/section1/

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20
Q

combustion of alkanes

A

alkanes are generally unreactive, however they undergo combustion when they are burned with oxygen, this produces carbon dioxide and water and releases energy

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21
Q

what is the general formula of alkenes

A

general formula : CnH2n

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22
Q

functional group of alkenes

A

C=C (double bond)

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23
Q

what are alkenes

A

they are unsaturated hydrocarbons

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24
Q

difference between alkane and alkene

A

-molecular structure: saturated hydrocarbons have no double bonds in their structure while unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one C=C double bond

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25
Q

how to test for differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

aqueous bromine water: When added to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the colour of the solution changes from orange to colourless/ The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond hence the solution no longer contains the orange colours bromine. THis is called bromination. On the other hand, when added to saturated hydrocarbons, there is no colour change

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26
Q

what is cracking of alkanes

A
  • cracking of larger alkanes is done because lower alkanes and alkenes are more useful
  • cracking of larger alkanes produces an alkene and can produce lower alkanes and hydrogen gas as well
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27
Q

what kind of reaction is cracking

A

cracking is both thermal and catalytic. This means it requires heat and a catalyst. This process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules, causing thermal decomposition reactions

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28
Q

addition reaction of alkenes with bromine water

A

when added to alkenes, the colour of the solution changes from orange to colourless. The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond and hence the solution no longer contains the orange coloured bromine

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29
Q

addition reaction of alkenes with hydrogen

A
  • alkenes also undergo addition reactions with hydrogen in which an alkane is formed
  • these are hydrogenation reactions and occur at 200C using a nickel catalyst
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30
Q

addition reaction of alkenes with steam

A

alekens also undergo addition reactions with steam in which an alcohol is formed SInce water is being added to the molecule it is also called a hydration reaction. THe reaction occurs in the following conditions: (temperature: 350C pressure: 60-70atm catalyst: concentrated phosphoric acid)

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31
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A
  • addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many small molecules called monomers
  • additoin polymerisation only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds
  • one of the bonds in each double bond breaks and forms a bond with the adjacent monomer
32
Q

general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

33
Q

functional group of alcohols

A

OH

34
Q

name and formulas of alkenes

A

https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/JlHA0rwCQ8ar92aeIPwi

35
Q

names and formulas of alcohols

A

http://chemistrymsq11.blogspot.com/p/9an-introduction-to-organic-chemistry.html

36
Q

ethanol

A

ethanol (C2H5OH) is one of the most important alcohols

37
Q

manufacture of ethanol

A
  • the hydration of ethene with steam

- or the fermentation of glucose by yeast produes ethanol

38
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast temperature and pressure

A
  • optimum temperatures is 37 deg cel
  • as more alcohol is produced, themperature increases, so it has to be colled down so that the enzymes in the yeast do not get denatured
  • pressure of 1atm
39
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast type of raw materials

A

renewable as glucose comes from plants

40
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast type of process

A

batch (stop-start)

41
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast labour

A

lots of workers needed

42
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast rate of reaction

A

slow

43
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast purity of product

A

impure (needs treatment)

44
Q

fermentation of glucose by yeast energy needed

A

a lot

45
Q

hydration of ethene type of raw materials

A

non-renewable (ethene from crude oil)

46
Q

hydration of ethene type of process

A

continous (runs all the time)

47
Q

hydration of ethene labour

A

few workers needed

48
Q

hydration of ethene rate of reaction

A

fast

49
Q

hydration of ethene conditions needed

A
  • high temperature (450-800C)

- high pressure (60-70 atm)

50
Q

hydration of ethene purity of product

A

pure (no by-products made)

51
Q

hydration of ethene energy needed

A

a lot

52
Q

uses of ethanol

A
  • can be used as a solvent and a biofuel to release energy

- can be burnt in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy

53
Q

carboxylic acid general formula

A

CnH2n+1COOH

54
Q

functional group of carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

55
Q

ways to make carboxylic acid

A
  • oxidation of ethanol by fermentation (the microbial oxidation of ethanol will produce a weak solution of vinegar /ethanoic acid)
  • oxidation of ethanol with acidified potassium manganate (VII) will produce ethanoic acid
56
Q

formula for oxidation of ethanol by fermentation

A

C2H5OH + O2 -> CH3COOH + H2O

57
Q

ethanoic acid properties

A
  • is a typical weak acid
  • they react with alkaline solutions, turn blue litmus red and form salts called ethanoates
  • dissociates slightly in water, producing a mildly acidic solution
  • its reactions with carbonates, hydroxides and metals are similar to other acids
  • it has similar properties to other weak acids
58
Q

what is esterification

A
  • in the presence of catalysts, alcohols can react with carboxylic acids to produce an ester and water
  • this is a reversible reaction
  • the OH group is removed from the acid while the H is removed from the alcohol
59
Q

what is an ester

A
  • esters are compounds with the functional group R-COO-R

- they are sweet smelling oily liquids used in food flavorings and perfumes

60
Q

catalysts for esterification

A

catalysts include concentrated sulfuric acid

61
Q

names of esters

A
  • the first part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the alcohol and it ends with the letters ‘-yl’
  • the second part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid and it ends with the letters ‘-oate’
62
Q

what are polymers

A
  • polymers are large molecules built up from small units (monomers)
  • different polymers have different units and/or different linkages
  • some polymers contain two or more different types of monomer units
  • different linkages exist, depending on the monomers and type of polymerisation
63
Q

uses of plastic

A

plastic bags, bottles, food packaging, ropes, carpets, plastic sheets, artifical leather

64
Q

uses of man made fibres such as nylon and terylene

A
  • nylon is used to produce clothing, fabrics, nets and ropes

- terylene is used extensively in the textile industry and i soften mixed with cotton to produce clothing

65
Q

problems caused by non-biodegradeable plastics

A
  • stay in the environment for a long time
  • take up space and fill landfills
  • cause visual pollution
  • produce toxic gases when burnt
  • plastic waste has been spilling over into the seas and oceans and is causing huge disruptions to marine life
  • these plastics can choke small animals and even enter soil and choke the roots
66
Q

addition vs condensation polymerisation

A
  • in addition polymerisation no molecule is removed, but in condensation polymerisation a small molecule is removed, usually water
  • condensation polymerisation usually involves two different monomers, each one having a functional group on each end. On the other hand, addition polymerisation uses only one monomer
  • in the former no by-product is formed but in the latter water is produces as the by-product
67
Q

addition polymerisation of alkenes drawing

A
  • identify the repeating unit in the polymer
  • change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer
  • remove the bond from each end of the repeating unit and the subscript n
68
Q

Condensation polymerisation of polyamides

A
  • amide linkage
  • amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link
  • each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer
69
Q

condensation polmerisation of polyester

A
  • ester linkage
  • each -COOH group reacts with another -OH group on anther monomer
  • an ester linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link
70
Q

protein condensation polymerisation

A
  • same (amide) linkages as nylon but with different units
  • the monomers are called amino acids
  • amino acids consist of one NH2 group and one COOH group
  • proteins can also be hydrolysed by the addition of water in acidic or alkaline conditions to amino acids
  • enzymes can also be used to hydrolyse some proteins at room temperature, mimicking natural bodily processes
71
Q

what are complex carbohydrates

A

-consists of a large number of units that cnsist of 2 -OH groups which are joined together by condensation polymerisation

72
Q

hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates (e.g.starch)

A

done by acids or enzymes to give simple sugars

73
Q

simple carbohydrates

A

called monosaccharides and are sugars such as fructose and glucose

74
Q

complex carbohydrates

A
  • called polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose

- condensation polymers formed from simple sugar monomers

75
Q

what is fermentation

A

simple sugars can be fermented to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide using bacteria or yeast

76
Q

how to use chromatography to identify the products of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins

A
  • both carbohydrates and protein monomers are colourless so locating agents must be used
  • a technique called 2D paper chromatography is used as some simple sugar and amino acids have the same Rf.
  • these can be compared to previously found Rf values to identify the simple sugars and amino acids

IGCSE Chemistry (15 decks)

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