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Eddie's Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How are coal, oil and natural gas formed?

A

Formed as a result of heat and pressure

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2
Q

How is petroleum separated into smaller hydrocarbons?

A

Fractional distillation

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3
Q

Order of hydrocarbons in fractionating column

A
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4
Q

What is a fraction

A

A mixture of compounds with a similiar boiling point

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5
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

Bottled gas

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6
Q

What is gasoline used for

A

Petrol

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7
Q

What is kerosene used for

A

Jet fuel

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8
Q

What is diesel used for

A

Train and car fuel

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9
Q

What is fuel oil used for

A

Central heating

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10
Q

What is bitumen used for

A

Road and roof tar

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11
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A family of hydrocarbons which have similiar features and chemical properties due to being in the same functional group

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12
Q

What test can be used to tell which is an alkane and which is an alkene

A

Bromine water -

Alkanes will be orange

Alkenes wil decolourise

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What do all members of a homologous series have

A

Same general formula

Same functional group

Similiar chemical properties

Gradiation in their physical properties

Difference in molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

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15
Q

What is a functional group

A

A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a homologous series

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16
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

There are two different types of structural isomer which are chain and position

In chain the structure of the carbon chain differs

In position the position of the functional group differs

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17
Q

example of chain isomer

A
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18
Q

example of position isomer

A
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19
Q

What are alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

Contain no double bonds

Colourless compounds which have a gradual change on their physical properties as the number of carbon atoms in the group increases

Generally unreactive compounds but they do ungo combustion reactions and can be cracked into smaller alkanes and react with halogens in the presence of light

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20
Q

What is the main component of natural gas

A

Methane

21
Q

Combustion of methane

A
22
Q

What is a substitution reaction

When do substitution reactions occur on alkanes

A

Substitution reaction - where one atom of one element/compound is swapped with an atom from another compound

Alkanes unergo substitution reactions with halogens in the presence of light

23
Q

What are alkenes

A

Alkenes are hydrocarbons which contain a double bond

They are unsaturated compounds

24
Q

How are alkenes and hydrogen made?

A

The catalyctic cracking of long alkane chains

25
Q

What is catalyctic cracking?

A

The breakdown of less-useful longer hydrocarbon chains and shorter useful hydrocarbons

26
Q

How is catalytic cracking conducted

A

Fractions containing large hydrocarbon molecules are heated at 600-700 degrees to vaporize them

Vapours are then passed over a catalyst of silica and alumina

This breaks the covalent bonds causing thermal decomposition

The longer hydrocarbon chain has been broken up into shorter chains of alkenes and alkanes

27
Q

Example of alkanes being cracked

A

Kerosene and diesel oil are often cracked to form petrol other alkenes and hydrogen

28
Q

How does bromine water show that one is an alkane and the other an alkene?

A

Bromine water is an orange coloured solution of bromine

When bromine water is shaken with an alkane, it remains orange as there no C=C bonds present; so the bromine remains in solution

When bromine water is shaken with an alkene, it decoloursies due to the presence of a C=C bond

The bromine atoms add across the C=C hence the solution no longer contains orange bromine water

29
Q

What type of reaction occurs between an alkene and bromine water

A

An addition reaction

30
Q

Example of an addition reaction

A
31
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

The joining of monomers to form addition polymers

This only occurs in monomers containing C=C bonds

32
Q

What occurs in addition polymerisation

A

One of the bonds in each double bond breaks and forms a bond with the adjacent monomer

An example of an synthesized alkene monomer in poly-ethene

33
Q

What is a hydrogenation reaction

A

When an alkene is reacted with H2 to form an alkane

This reaction occurs at 150*C using a nickel catalyst

34
Q

Practical use of hydrogenation reaction

A

Turning vegetable oils into margerine for supermarkets

35
Q

What are the conditions and products of alkene + steam

A

Conditions - 300*C, 60-70atm, concentrated phosporic acid catalyst

Alkene + water –> alchahol

This is called the hydration of alkene

36
Q

What is an alchahol

A

Contains the -OH functional group

37
Q

What is ethanol

A

An alchahol - C2H5OH

Found in alchaholic drinks, used in cars as a solvent for fuel

Ethanol burns in excess to form carbon dioxide and water

38
Q

What are the two methods for the manufacture of ethanol

A

Hydration of ethene

fermentation of glucose

39
Q

How is the fermentation of glucose carried out

(ethanol manufacture)

A

Sugar or starch is added in water and yeast is added

Mixture ferments for a few days with no oxygen between the tempuratures 15 and 35*C

Yeast contains enzymes that break down the starch or sugar to glucose

If the tempurature is too slow the reaction rate will be too low

If the tempurature is too high the enzymes denature

The yeast respires anaerobically to form CO2 and ethanol

The yeast are killed off oncethe level of alchahol is 15%

40
Q

Balanced equation of fermentation of glucose

A
41
Q

Comparison of fermentation to hydration of ethene - hydration of ethene

A

Hydration of ethene -

complex set up

uses non-renewable resources

fast rate of reaction

produces pure ethanol

No greenhouse gases produced

Reaction conditions - high temp and pressure

42
Q

Comparison of fermentation and hydration of ethene - fermentation

A

Simple equipment needed

Uses re-newable resources

Batch proccess - inefficient

Very slow process

Produces a dilute solution of alchahol which requires further processing

43
Q

What is a carboxylic acid

A

The homologous series containing the functional group -COOH

Colourless liquid

Weak acids, typical acidic properties

They react with alkaline solutions, turn blue litmus red, and form salts called ethanoates

44
Q

Properties of ethanoic acid

A

Weak acid

Dissociates slightly in water

Equilibrium lies far to the left in ionization

ethanoic acid reacts with more reactive metals, carbonates and hydroxides

45
Q

How to make carboxylic acids - oxidation by fermentation

A

The microbial fermentation of alchahol will produce a weak solution of vinegar

This occurs when a bottle of wine is opened as the bacteria in the air use the oxygen in the air to oxidise the ethanol in the wine

The acidic, vinegary taste of opened wine is due to the production of ethanoic acid

46
Q

Production of carboxylic acids - alchahols heated with potassium manganate

A

Alchahols are heated with potassium mangante in a vessel with a condenser attached to the top

The condenser prevents the volatile alchahol from escaping from the reaction vessel as alchahols have low boiling points

47
Q

How are esters made

A

By adding alchahols and carboxylic acids togeth

48
Q

What are esters

A

Esters are compounds with the functional group R-COO-R

Esters are sweet smelling oily liquids in food flavourings and perfumes

Eddie's Chemistry (14 decks)

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