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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How to distinguish enantiomer

A

Measure the optical activity with a polarimeter

rotate the plane of plane-polarized light in the same extent but in the opposite direction

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2
Q

test for -OH

A

X MnO4-

correct: Cr2O72-

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3
Q

why substance is soluble in organic solvents

A

the attractive force between molecules are of similar strength as those in organic solvents

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4
Q

use of aspirin

A

reduce fever
reduce risk of heart disease
painkiller
reducing inflammation(發炎）

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5
Q

principle of soup

A

detergent consists of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic ionic head
hydrophobic tail dissolve in grease
hydrophillic head dissolve in water, reducing surface tension
stirring cause the grease splits to tiny droplets
repulsion of negatively charged head to form emulsion
oil droplets become suspended in aq solution
easy to be carried away by water

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6
Q

observation of esters (2)

A

two immiscible layers are observed

A fruity smell is detected

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7
Q

which hydrolysis is more favourable

A

alkaline
acid hydrolysis is reversible but alkaline hydrolysis is irreversible. In alkaline hydrolysis, all reactants are completely converted into products

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8
Q

use of hexanedioic acid in industry

A

to make nylon 6,6

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9
Q

why hydrocarbon with smaller carbon content is better for a fuel

A

hydrocarbon with smaller carbon content has a smaller molecular mass and so has a lower boiling point and the molecular size is smaller.
So, it burns more completely.

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10
Q

is soap an ester?

A

No

there is only COO- ion but no RCOOR

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11
Q

how to convert alkene to alkane

A

Pass excess H2 to alkene in the presence of Pt

Catalytic hydrogenation

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12
Q

naming

halogen or double bond prioritize?

A

double bond

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13
Q

why HOOCCH2COOH can form a polymer with H2NCH2NH2 but cannot

A

HOOCCH2COOH has two COOH grouo to react with NH2 group in the diamine while CH3CH2COOH only has one COOH group

Each HOOCCH2COOH can react with two H2NCH2NH2 to form a chain but CH3CH2COOH cannot

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14
Q

what is aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

without benzene ring

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15
Q

what is aromatic hydrocarbon

A

with benzene ring

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16
Q

define isomers in general

A

isomers are compound having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atom

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17
Q

what are the two types of isomerism

A

structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

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18
Q

define structural isomers

A

structural isomers are compound having the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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19
Q

define stereoisomers

A

stereoisomers are isomeric compounds having their atoms linked in the same way, but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms

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20
Q

why cis-trans isomers exist

A

it is because of the restricted rotation about a covalent bond

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21
Q

what is a chiral molecule

A

a chiral molecule is a molecule which is not superimposable on its mirror images. The chiral molecule and its mirror image are called a pair of enantiomers.

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22
Q

what is a chiral carbon

A

it is a carbon atom which is attached to 4 different atoms or group of atoms

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23
Q

enantiomers have identical chemical properties

T/F

A

90% correct

exception: enantiomers behave differently when they are reacted with a chiral molecule

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24
Q

enantiomers have identical physical properties

T/F

A

90% correct (mp bp and density)

except optical activity

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25
Q

density of alkanes compare to water

A

it is less dense than water

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26
Q

requirement for substitution reaction

A

UV light or diffused sunlight

direct sunlight should not be used

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27
Q

why cracking has to be carried out in the absence of air

A

cracking must be carried out in the absence of air because combustion occurs instead of craking in the presence of air

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28
Q

why alkene burns with more soot than an alkane with the same number of C atoms

A

C:H ratio or percentage by mass of C is higher for the alkene

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29
Q

what is the rule related to addtion reaction of HX

A

Markovnikov’s rule

the H atom attaches itself to the C atom already carrying the larger no. of H atom

30
Q

what are the examples of haloalkanes taht are denser than water

A

CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
CH3CCl3

other 99% less dense than water in dse

31
Q

why an alcohol is soluble in water

A

it has a relatively short carbon chain

formation of H-bond with H2O molecules

32
Q

when ketone add LiAlH4 then H+

where the H atom is contribute to respectively

A

LiALH4 that H to 分開 that one

H+ that H to O 隔離 form OH

33
Q

what are the uses of conc H2SO4 in esterification

A

catalyst

dehydrating agent in order to shift the eqm position to the right

34
Q

what is chloroform

A

trichloromethane

35
Q

what is acetone

A

propanone

36
Q

what is acetic acid

A

ethanoic acid

37
Q

what is formaldehyde

A

methanal

38
Q

what is isopropyl alcohol

A

propan-2-ol

39
Q

why COOH has a more extensive intermolecular H-bonds

A

as RCOOH has 1 more electronegative O atom than ROH and so there are more lone pair electrons on NOF

40
Q

which one has a higher bp

H2O2 or H20?

A

H2O2

as it has more lone pair electrons and thus more extensive H-bonds

41
Q

acid hydrolysis or acidic hydrolysis

A

acid hydrolysis!!!!

42
Q

compare the density of ester with water

A

usually less dense

so ester float on water when they are not miscible

43
Q

why alkaline hydrolysis can always goes to completion

A

its because the RCOOH formed is immediately removed by reaction with OH-
so the eqm position of the first reaction goes to right

first reaction: ester + water to acid + alcohol

44
Q

what are the smells of amines

A

amines of lower molecular masses have characteristic ammonia smell while larger amines have fishy smell

45
Q

how to distinguish ester and amide

A

heat with NaOH

ester: no observable change at first then 2 layers become miscible
amide: colorless gas bubbles evolved which turn moist pH paper blue (becuz of NH3)

46
Q

why the yield of most organic reactions are less than 100%

A

incomplete reaction
side-reactions
presence of impurities in reactants
loss of product during the course of the experiment

47
Q

what is the use of recrystallization

A

it is used to purify solid products by removing impurities of different solubilities

48
Q

what is the requirement in choosing the solvent in recrystallization

A

the solid product should be dissolved readily in a hot solvent but is much less soluble in the cold solvent

All other impurities must either be insoluble or remain in solution in both cold and hot solvent

it should be volatile so that it is easier to be removed

it should not react with the product

49
Q

describe the procedure of recrystallisation

A

a suitable solvent is chosen (which there isn’t any reaction between the solvent and product)

minimum volume of hot solvent is used to dissolve the solid impure product

the mixture is filtered to remove insoluble impurities

the filtrate is allowed to cool slowly so that crystals can reform, with soluble impurities staying in the cold solvent

crystal can be obtained by filtration

50
Q

what is the consequence for using excess hot solvent to dissolve the impure solid sample during recrystallisation

A

the product may not seperate out as crystals if too much solvent is used

51
Q

why the water should be going inside the condenser at the lower point

A

to ensure the water jacket is fully-filled with water and thus there are better cooling and condensing effect

52
Q

why the thermometer bulb is level with the side arm during distillation

A

the temperature of the vapour is measured when it leaves the flask

53
Q

what is the common name of aspirin

A

acetylsalicylic acid

54
Q

define detergents

A

a detergent is a substance which improves the cleansing ability of water by acting as a wetting agent and an emulsifying agent

55
Q

what is the source of soapy detergent

A

hydrolysis of animal fat

56
Q

what is the source of soapless detergent

A

they are obtained from a series of reactions of petroleum fractions

57
Q

what do wetting agents do

A

it can lower the surface tension of water so that the water can spread over the surface and penetrate into the things and wash away the dirts

58
Q

what is the other term of alkaline hydrolysis of fat or oil

A

saponification

59
Q

how to obtain the soap after saponification

A

add concentrated NaCl solution to make the soap be less soluble in water
the process is known as salting-out

60
Q

why concentrated H2SO4 can remove the fat blocking the drain pipes

A

it can perform acid hydrolysis and form alcohol and acid which can be easily removed by running water

61
Q

what are the raw materials in manufacturing soapless detergents

A
  1. petroleum fractions
  2. conc. H2SO4
  3. Conc NaOH
62
Q

can soapy detergents works well in acidic solution

A

no

-COO- will form fatty acid with H+ which is insoluble in water

63
Q

is soapy detergents biodegradable

A

yes

64
Q

is soapless detergents biodegradable

A

not a must

65
Q

nylon 6,10
6 represents?
10 represents?

A

6 is for diamine (前者）

10 is for dioic acid（後者）

66
Q

uses of nylon

A

ropes
fishing lines
strings for tennis racket

67
Q

uses of polyesters

A

water bottle

clothings

68
Q

definition of addition polymerization

A

monomer molecules are joined together to form polymer chains without losing any atoms

69
Q

definition of condensation polymerization

A

monomer molecules are joined together to form polymer chains with the loss of small molecules

70
Q

compare the melting point of cis-trans isomers

A

the melting point of a substance depends on intermolecular attraction as well as molecular symmetry
trans-isomers are more symmetrical in shape and can better fit to solid lattice so it has a higher melting point

71
Q

why sodium benzoate is more soluble than benzoic acid in water

A

sodium benzoate is an ionic compound which has stronger interaction with water
while benzoic acid exists as molecules which have weaker intermolecular interactions with water

72
Q

side effect of aspirin

A

increase bleeding

stomach upset

chem (14 decks)

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