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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons? - Organic Chemistry

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

What is crude oil? - Organic Chemistry

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient dead marine organisms

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3
Q

How is crude oil used? (Name examples of the specific form of crude oil) - Organic Chemistry

A

Fuels (petrol, diesel, kerosene, bitumen)
Feedstock for the petrochemical industry
Lubricants

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4
Q

What is a homologous series? - Organic Chemistry

A

A family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties

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5
Q

What is a general formula? - Organic Chemistry

A

An algebraic formula that sets out a trend followed by all members of a homologous series

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6
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes? - Organic Chemistry

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

Why do alkanes have variation in boiling points? - Organic Chemistry

A

Due to having different chain lengths, longer chain alkanes require more energy to break the bonds between molecules

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8
Q

How are alkanes named? (Mnemonic) - Organic Chemistry

A 
MY ELEPHANT PEELS BANANAS
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
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9
Q

Give the formula for… Methane, Ethane, Pentane, Butane? - Organic Chemistry

A

Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Pentane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10

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10
Q

Why are alkanes saturated? - Organic Chemistry

A

Because their carbon atoms have the maximum number of bonds to other atoms available

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11
Q

What is fractional distillation? - Organic Chemistry

A

A mixture of several substances (CRUDE OIL), is distilled and the evaporated components are collected as they distill at different temperatures

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12
Q

How does fractional distillation work? (Process) - Organic Chemistry

A

Heated crude oil enters fractionating column with hot bottom and cooler top (temperature gradient). Vapours from the oil rise through the column, condensing as they become cool enough and then led out of the column as different substances

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13
Q

What is the relationship between length of hydrocarbons and the boiling points of hydrocarbons? - Organic Chemistry

A

Small hydrocarbons have weak intermolecular forces between molecules, whereas longer hydrocarbons have stronger intermolecular forces

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14
Q

Why are not all hydrocarbons in a fraction identical? - Organic Chemistry

A

Each fraction has a range of freezing points in it, which means that different length hydrocarbons form in that fraction based on their length

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15
Q

What mnemonic helps remember the products of fractional distillation from lowest condensing temperature to highest - Organic Chemistry

A

Lazy Penguins Keep Drinking Hot Beer

Liquified petroleum gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, heavy fuel oil, bitumen

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16
Q

What is similar in each crude oil fraction? - Organic Chemistry

A

Have similar numbers of hydrogen and carbon atoms in their molecules
Boiling points
Viscosity
Ease of ignition (how easy set on fire)

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17
Q

Describe the properties of the gases hydrocarbon fraction? (Boiling point, viscosity, how flammable) - Organic Chemistry

A

Boiling points below room temperature
Very flammable
Low viscosity

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18
Q

Describe the properties of the bitumen hydrocarbon fraction? (Boiling point, viscosity, how flammable) - Organic Chemistry

A

Very high boiling points
Difficult to ignite
High viscosity

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19
Q

What is complete combustion in terms of hydrocarbons? - Organic Chemistry

A

Complete combustion happens in a good supply of air, where CO2 and water are produced.the maximum amount of energy is released

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20
Q

What is incomplete combustion in terms of hydrocarbons? - Organic Chemistry

A

Incomplete combustion happens when the supply of air is poor, water is produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are also. Less energy released than in complete combustion

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21
Q

What is cracking? - Organic Chemistry

A

The breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules

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22
Q

What does cracking break down alkanes into? - Organic Chemistry

A

Cracking breaks down alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes

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23
Q

Describe catalytic cracking - Organic Chemistry

A

Uses a temperature of around 550°C and a catalyst known as zeolite

24
Q

Describe steam cracking - Organic Chemistry

A

Uses a higher temperature of 800°C + and no catalyst

25
Q

How can cracking help match supply with demand or smaller hydrocarbons? - Organic Chemistry

A

By cracking alkanes, it forms smaller chain hydrocarbons which can be used as fuels with low boiling points to meet demand

26
Q

Why are alkenes seen as unsaturated? - Organic Chemistry

A

They contain a C=C which means that their carbon atoms do not have the maximum number of bonds possible

27
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes? - Organic Chemistry

A

CnH2n

28
Q

How can you identify an alkene? - Organic Chemistry

A

By reacting an alkene with bromine water, you should observe it change from orange to colourless

29
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes? - Organic Chemistry

A

The C=C bond

30
Q

What can alkenes do which alkanes cannot? (Form) - Organic Chemistry

A

Alkenes can form polymers due to the C=C bond, which can be changed into a C-C bond, and the C bonds bonding in a chain

31
Q

What form of combustion do alkenes undergo + how can you tell? - Organic Chemistry

A

Alkenes mainly undergo incomplete combustion when burned, as they display a smoky flame when burning

32
Q

Why can alkenes undergo addition reactions? - Organic Chemistry

A

The C=C bond can be changed into a single bond, with 2 elements added at the sides when displayed on a diagram

33
Q

What does the reaction between an alkene and hydrogen produce? - Organic Chemistry

A

An alkene + hydrogen -> alkane

34
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol? - Organic Chemistry

A

The functional group is an OH group in the alcohol

35
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol? - Organic Chemistry

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

36
Q

How do you name alcohols? - Organic Chemistry

A

____anol

37
Q

How are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol used? - Organic Chemistry

A

Methanol - a chemical feedstock (toxic)
Ethanol - alcoholic drinks, fuel, solvents
Propanol + butanol - used as fuel and solvents

38
Q

What do alcohols produce when completely and incompletely combusted? - Organic Chemistry

A

Complete - CO2 + Water

Incomplete - Water + Carbon monoxide/ carbon

39
Q

What happens when alcohols are oxidised without combustion? - Organic Chemistry

A

A carboxylic acid is produced as extra oxygen is given to a substance

40
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids? - Organic Chemistry

A

The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a COOH group

41
Q

What are carboxylic acids? - Organic Chemistry

A

Carboxylic acids are oxidised alcohols

42
Q

What are properties of an acid? - Organic Chemistry

A

Reacts with bases to form a salt and water
Reacts with metals to form a salt and hydrogen
Dissolve in water to form solutions with pH below 7

43
Q

What is an ester? - Organic Chemistry

A

Esters are organic compounds formed in a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Ester and water produced

44
Q

Describe the word equation to produce an ester - Organic Chemistry

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

45
Q

What is the functional group of an ester? - Organic Chemistry

A

A COO group

46
Q

Carboxylic acids are weak acids. Why is this? - Organic Chemistry

A

There are fewer hydrogen ions in the same concentration, which makes the acid less corrosive and therefore weaker.

47
Q

Describe how ionised the molecules are in a strong acid - Organic Chemistry

A

In a strong acid, the molecules fully ionise to make a more corrosive substance

48
Q

What is a polymer? - Organic Chemistry

A

A large molecule formed from small, repeated molecules known as monomers

49
Q

How is the C=C bond crucial in addition polymerisation? - Organic Chemistry

A

The C=C bond is changed into a C-C bond, and C atoms join together in a long chain

50
Q

What is used in diagrams showing polymers to show that the substance is a polymer? - Organic Chemistry

A

Brackets are placed around the repeated section, with 2 bonds through the brackets where the unit is repeated. An n is used to show that this can be repeated any number of times

51
Q

Describe how DNA is a natural polymer - Organic Chemistry

A

DNA is a double helix, formed by 2 polymer chains twisted around each other. The polymer is made up of 4 different types of monomer, which codes genetics

52
Q

Describe how proteins are polymers - Organic Chemistry

A

Made from amino acid monomers formed into polymers

53
Q

Describe how starch and cellulose are natural polymers - Organic Chemistry

A

Both starch and cellulose are natural polymers formed from sugar monomers.

54
Q

What are amino acids + what are their functional groups? - Organic Chemistry

A

Amino acids are molecules which make up a protein molecule. They have 2 functional groups (NH2 + COOH)

55
Q

Which type of polymerisation forms amino acids polymers? - Organic Chemistry

A

Condensation polymerisation forms amino acid polymers

56
Q

What is needed by a substance for condensation polymerisation to take place? - Organic Chemistry

A

A substance needs 2 functional groups for condensation polymerisation to happen

57
Q

What is usually produced by condensation polymerisation? - Organic Chemistry

A

When monomers react to form a polymer by condensation polymerisation, a small molecule, often water, is formed

Chemistry (11 decks)

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