Organic chemistry Flashcards
Primary organic constituent
Nitrogen - ingested
Oxygen - ingested
Methane - produced by anaerobic microbes
Carbon Dioxide - produced by aerobic microbes or ingested
Hydrogen - produced by some microbes and consumed by others
Definition of organic compound
compounds that are abundant in living organisms
Flatulence
mixture of gases that are produced by symbiotic bacteria and yeast living in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals
How to reduce flatulence outbursts
~ Dietary remedies
- reduce intake of refined carbohydrates
- Prebiotics / Probiotics
~ Cosmetic remedies
Organic compounds generally composed of
Carbon & hydrogen !!
nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen , halogens, phosphorus
Organic chemistry
study of structure , properties, composition , reaction and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain Carbon
Carbon can be found
in all living things
in atmosphere
in the layer of lime stone sediment on the ocean floor
in fussil fuel like coal
Global carbon cycle
Geological carbon cycle (millions of years)
Biological carbon cycle (days to thousand of year)
Allotropy
The property of some chemical elements exist two or more different forms
Allotropes
Different structure of structure modifications of an element
8 allotropes of carbon
Diamond / Graphite / Lonsdaleite / C 60 (buckyball) / C 540 / C 70 / Amorphous carbon / single walled carbon nanotube (buckytube)
About organic Chemistry
- Carbon & its role in bonding
- Isomerism
- Classification
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Aromatic compounds
- Alcohols & Phenols
- Esters
- Organic Halogens
- Organic Carbonyls I (Aldehyde & ketone)
- Organic Carbonyls II (Acids & Esters)
- Lipids
- Amines, Amides & nitrogen containing compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Amino acids & Proteins
- Nucleotides & nucleic acids
Why is urea useful
- Waste product of metabolism of nitrogen- containing food
- Commercially produced as fertilizer and used in the production of plastics and certain drugs
BBuilding block of life
Carbon, hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen
Carbon can form how many bonds?
Nitrogen / Sulphur / Oxygen / Hydrogen / Chlorine / Bromine / Phosphorus / Fluorine
C - 4
N / P - 3
O / S - 2
Cl / Br / H / F - 1
General formula for alkanes?
C(n) H(2n+2)
General formula for cytoalkanes?
C(n) H(2n)
Homologous series
Each member in a homologous series has same general formula
Members in the homologous series have same _____________ and similar ________
same functional group
similar chemical properties
Members in the homologous series, their physical properties may differ when ______
the carbon chain length vary
Name and formula of alkanes
1 - 6 carbon
7 - 10 Carbon
Methane CH(4) Ethane C(2)H(6) Propane C(3)H(8) Butane C(4)H(10) Pentane C(5)H(12) Hexane C(6) H(14) Hept 7 Oct 8 Non 9 Dec 10
Rule of name the compound
- Name the longest carbon chain
- Functional groups & alkyl groups are then added as prefix or suffix
- If there is more than 1 isomer, C are labelled with numbers from end giving the lowest number to functional group
- If there is more than 1 function group, they are placed in alphabetical order
most of the organic compound is derived from the _______ by _________
crude oil & natural gas
‘catalytic cracking’ or heating the crude oil in the presence of a catalyst
crude oil can be break down into
- Methane
- Petroleum gas ( 1- 4C) < 40*C
- Gasoline/ petrol - car fuel (5-10 C) 40*C - 170 *C
- Naptha - chemical & plastic 110 *C
- Kerosine oil - Jet combustion fuel (10- 12 C) 180*C
- Diesel oil - Fuel in diesel engines, buses, railways , ship (13- 15 C) 250 -350 *C
- Fuel Oil - industrial furnace & boilers (15- 18 C) 350 - 400 *C Better than coal , doesn’t leave residue
- ( Residue oil )- ship & power station fuel, bitumen, waxes > 340 *C
- Lubricating oil - (10-20 C) > 400*C for lubricating various mechanical & machine parts, not as fuel
- Paraffin wax (20 - 30C) > 400*C for candles, ointments, grease; not as fuel
- Asphalt - (30 - 50C) > 400*C for road surface not as fuel
Crude oil is
Remnants of decayed tiny marine plants and animals found in rocks
Cracking is
Heating crude oil to high temperature which facilitates to breakage of c- c bonds.
Many different carbon chain length are separated by the means of fractional distillation through a tall factional distillation column
Natural gas mainly composed of
methane and ethane
Types of formula
- Molecule - actual no of atoms of each element in the molecule
- Display - Placing atoms & bonds between them
- Structural - Mineral detail of an unambiguous structure
- Skeletal - Carbon skeleton & functional group only
Methane has ______ molecular structure
Tetrahedral
Structural isomerism
same molecular formula but different structural formula
e.g Butane & 2 Methyl-Propane
Sides chains are also called
alkyl groups [C(n)H(2n+1)]
- methyl - CH3-
- ethyl - C2H5-
- Propyl - C3H7-
Functional group
Group of atoms or bonds within the molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
saturated hydrocarbon
relatively unreactive (contain C-C or C-H bonds, hard to break)
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
relatively reactive compounds contain C=C bond
Compound reactivity is ________by the presence of _________
increased by the presence of functional group
Combustion of Alkane
Natural gas & Petrol
Natural gas - CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + H2O
Petrol - 2C8H18 + 25O2 > 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
Balance equation of Combustion of Ethane/ Propane/ Butane / Pentane
2C2H6 + 7O2 > 4CO2 + 6H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 > 3CO2 + 4H2O
2C4H10 + 13O2 > 8CO2 + 10H2O
C5H12 + 8O2 > 5CO2 + 6H2O
Petroleum fractions contain
sulphur impurities > sulphur oxide (SO2 or SO) > + H2O form acid rain
Environmental problems caused by burning fossil fuel
- Acid rain formed by sulphur impurities (from petroleum fraction) oxidised and mixed with water
- Toxic gas like NO & CO and unburnt hydrocarbon from car emission
- Excessive combustion of fossil fuels increases CO2 emission
how to combat the ineffectiveness of incomplete combustion and reduce the lv of toxic gas
Gases made to react with catalytic converter
2CO +2NO > 2CO2 +N2
formula for open chain alkene with one ‘ene’ group
C(n)H(2n)
formula for open chain alkene with two ‘ene’ group
C(n)H(2n-2)
formula for cycloalkene with one ‘ene’ group
C(n)H(2n-2)
formula for cycloalkene with two ‘ene’ group
C(n)H(2n-4)
