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Chemistry 90% > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary organic constituent

A

Nitrogen - ingested
Oxygen - ingested
Methane - produced by anaerobic microbes
Carbon Dioxide - produced by aerobic microbes or ingested
Hydrogen - produced by some microbes and consumed by others

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2
Q

Definition of organic compound

A

compounds that are abundant in living organisms

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3
Q

Flatulence

A

mixture of gases that are produced by symbiotic bacteria and yeast living in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals

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4
Q

How to reduce flatulence outbursts

A

~ Dietary remedies

  • reduce intake of refined carbohydrates
  • Prebiotics / Probiotics

~ Cosmetic remedies

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5
Q

Organic compounds generally composed of

A

Carbon & hydrogen !!

nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen , halogens, phosphorus

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6
Q

Organic chemistry

A

study of structure , properties, composition , reaction and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain Carbon

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7
Q

Carbon can be found

A

in all living things
in atmosphere
in the layer of lime stone sediment on the ocean floor
in fussil fuel like coal

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8
Q

Global carbon cycle

A

Geological carbon cycle (millions of years)

Biological carbon cycle (days to thousand of year)

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9
Q

Allotropy

A

The property of some chemical elements exist two or more different forms

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10
Q

Allotropes

A

Different structure of structure modifications of an element

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11
Q

8 allotropes of carbon

A

Diamond / Graphite / Lonsdaleite / C 60 (buckyball) / C 540 / C 70 / Amorphous carbon / single walled carbon nanotube (buckytube)

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12
Q

About organic Chemistry

A
  • Carbon & its role in bonding
  • Isomerism
  • Classification
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Alcohols & Phenols
  • Esters
  • Organic Halogens
  • Organic Carbonyls I (Aldehyde & ketone)
  • Organic Carbonyls II (Acids & Esters)
  • Lipids
  • Amines, Amides & nitrogen containing compounds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Amino acids & Proteins
  • Nucleotides & nucleic acids
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13
Q

Why is urea useful

A
  • Waste product of metabolism of nitrogen- containing food

- Commercially produced as fertilizer and used in the production of plastics and certain drugs

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14
Q

BBuilding block of life

A

Carbon, hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen

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15
Q

Carbon can form how many bonds?

Nitrogen / Sulphur / Oxygen / Hydrogen / Chlorine / Bromine / Phosphorus / Fluorine

A

C - 4
N / P - 3
O / S - 2
Cl / Br / H / F - 1

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16
Q

General formula for alkanes?

A

C(n) H(2n+2)

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17
Q

General formula for cytoalkanes?

A

C(n) H(2n)

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18
Q

Homologous series

A

Each member in a homologous series has same general formula

19
Q

Members in the homologous series have same _____________ and similar ________

A

same functional group

similar chemical properties

20
Q

Members in the homologous series, their physical properties may differ when ______

A

the carbon chain length vary

21
Q

Name and formula of alkanes
1 - 6 carbon
7 - 10 Carbon

A 
Methane    CH(4)
Ethane       C(2)H(6)
Propane      C(3)H(8)
Butane       C(4)H(10)
Pentane      C(5)H(12)
Hexane        C(6) H(14)
Hept     7
Oct       8
Non      9
Dec      10
22
Q

Rule of name the compound

A
  1. Name the longest carbon chain
  2. Functional groups & alkyl groups are then added as prefix or suffix
  3. If there is more than 1 isomer, C are labelled with numbers from end giving the lowest number to functional group
  4. If there is more than 1 function group, they are placed in alphabetical order
23
Q

most of the organic compound is derived from the _______ by _________

A

crude oil & natural gas

‘catalytic cracking’ or heating the crude oil in the presence of a catalyst

24
Q

crude oil can be break down into

A
  • Methane
  • Petroleum gas ( 1- 4C) < 40*C
  • Gasoline/ petrol - car fuel (5-10 C) 40*C - 170 *C
  • Naptha - chemical & plastic 110 *C
  • Kerosine oil - Jet combustion fuel (10- 12 C) 180*C
  • Diesel oil - Fuel in diesel engines, buses, railways , ship (13- 15 C) 250 -350 *C
  • Fuel Oil - industrial furnace & boilers (15- 18 C) 350 - 400 *C Better than coal , doesn’t leave residue
  • ( Residue oil )- ship & power station fuel, bitumen, waxes > 340 *C
  • Lubricating oil - (10-20 C) > 400*C for lubricating various mechanical & machine parts, not as fuel
  • Paraffin wax (20 - 30C) > 400*C for candles, ointments, grease; not as fuel
  • Asphalt - (30 - 50C) > 400*C for road surface not as fuel
25
Q

Crude oil is

A

Remnants of decayed tiny marine plants and animals found in rocks

26
Q

Cracking is

A

Heating crude oil to high temperature which facilitates to breakage of c- c bonds.
Many different carbon chain length are separated by the means of fractional distillation through a tall factional distillation column

27
Q

Natural gas mainly composed of

A

methane and ethane

28
Q

Types of formula

A
  • Molecule - actual no of atoms of each element in the molecule
  • Display - Placing atoms & bonds between them
  • Structural - Mineral detail of an unambiguous structure
  • Skeletal - Carbon skeleton & functional group only
29
Q

Methane has ______ molecular structure

A

Tetrahedral

30
Q

Structural isomerism

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

e.g Butane & 2 Methyl-Propane

31
Q

Sides chains are also called

A

alkyl groups [C(n)H(2n+1)]

  • methyl - CH3-
  • ethyl - C2H5-
  • Propyl - C3H7-
32
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms or bonds within the molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules

33
Q

saturated hydrocarbon

A

relatively unreactive (contain C-C or C-H bonds, hard to break)

34
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

relatively reactive compounds contain C=C bond

35
Q

Compound reactivity is ________by the presence of _________

A

increased by the presence of functional group

36
Q

Combustion of Alkane

Natural gas & Petrol

A

Natural gas - CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + H2O

Petrol - 2C8H18 + 25O2 > 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

37
Q

Balance equation of Combustion of Ethane/ Propane/ Butane / Pentane

A

2C2H6 + 7O2 > 4CO2 + 6H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 > 3CO2 + 4H2O
2C4H10 + 13O2 > 8CO2 + 10H2O
C5H12 + 8O2 > 5CO2 + 6H2O

38
Q

Petroleum fractions contain

A

sulphur impurities > sulphur oxide (SO2 or SO) > + H2O form acid rain

39
Q

Environmental problems caused by burning fossil fuel

A
  • Acid rain formed by sulphur impurities (from petroleum fraction) oxidised and mixed with water
  • Toxic gas like NO & CO and unburnt hydrocarbon from car emission
  • Excessive combustion of fossil fuels increases CO2 emission
40
Q

how to combat the ineffectiveness of incomplete combustion and reduce the lv of toxic gas

A

Gases made to react with catalytic converter

2CO +2NO > 2CO2 +N2

41
Q

formula for open chain alkene with one ‘ene’ group

A

C(n)H(2n)

42
Q

formula for open chain alkene with two ‘ene’ group

A

C(n)H(2n-2)

43
Q

formula for cycloalkene with one ‘ene’ group

A

C(n)H(2n-2)

44
Q

formula for cycloalkene with two ‘ene’ group

A

C(n)H(2n-4)

Chemistry 90% (7 decks)

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