Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Define molecular, displayed, structural,empirical and general formula
M: number of atoms of each element D: shows arrangement and bonds S: arrangement carbon by carbon E: smallest integer ratio of atoms of each element G: algebraic relationship between atoms
What are the 3 types of isomers?
Chain isomers-carbon chain is arranged differently
Positional isomers-the functional group is at different positions on the chain
Functional group isomers- the atoms are arranged to give a different functional group
What is a homologous series?
They have: the same general formula Formulas which increase by a CH2 group each time Similar chemical properties Trending physical properties
What is an alkane reacting with bromine (a halogen)? What does it firm? What does it require?
A substitution reaction
C2H5Br + HBr
It requires UV light to break the halogen bond
What is the byproduct when methane reacts with sufficient oxygen? And what are the issues with it?
Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gas, climate change
What is the byproduct when methane reacts with insufficient oxygen? And what are the issues with it?
Carbon monoxide
Poisonous, irreversibly bonds to haemoglobin
What is the byproduct when methane reacts with very insufficient oxygen? What are the issues?
Carbon
Soot, bad for asthma sufferers
What is a fuel?
A substance that is burnt to release (heat) energy
Which hydrocarbons are better fuels?
Shorter ones because they are more volatile
What harmful byproducts are produced from burning hydrocarbons?
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
How are sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides created?
Sulphur dioxides: sulphur impurities in the fuel
NOXs: created when temperature is high enough for the reaction (like in car engines)
What can the sulphur dioxides and NOXs cause? Why is this bad?
Acid rain
Which kills fish
What are the features of alkanes? (4)
Homologous series
General formula C (n) H(2n+2)
Contain only hydrogen and carbon
Are saturated (only have single bonds)
What is the order of prefixes?
Meth Eth Prop But Pent
What are the 4 features of alkenes?
Homologous series
General formula C (n) H (2n)
Only made of hydrogen and carbon
Unsaturated
What is the alkene and bromine reaction? What does it form?
Addition
C2H4Br2
How can you distinguish between alkanes and alkenes?
Add bromine water
Alkane-stays orange without UV
Alkene-orange-brown disappears
What is the order of the fractions from shortest to longest?
Refinery gases Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Fuel oil Bitumen
What happens to the properties of a hydrocarbon as the chain gets longer?
The viscosity gets higher
The boiling point gets higher
Less useful
What is the purpose of cracking?
To balance the supply—demand issue
How do you do cracking?
Heat the hydrocarbon to 600-700 degrees
Pass it over a catalyst (alumina/silica)
Produces one alkane and one or more alkenes
Define monomer and polymer
Monomer-small alkene molecule that can be added to others
Polymer-long, saturated molecule formed from lots of monomers
What are the problems with polymers?
Unreal tube so sent biodegradable and last for 1000s if years—damage planet
Burning them gives off toxic fumes
The often aren’t reused and recycled
How is polypropene used?
In ropes
How is polytetrafluoroethene used?
In non-stick pans
How is PVC used?
Window frames
