Organic chemistry Flashcards
Where are the alkali metals on the periodic table?
column 1
where are the alkaline earth metals on the periodic table>
column 2
Where are the metals on the periodic table?
from column 3 to 12
Where are the post transition metals on the period table?
from Al to Po
Where are the halogens?
column 7
Where are the noble gases?
column 8
What angle are the atoms on an alkane?
109.5º
How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 1?
2 electrons as there is only 1 orbital
= 2 electrons
How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 2?
2 electrons in the first sub level as there is only one orbital
and 6 electrons in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals
= 8 electrons
How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 3?
2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital
6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals
10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals
= 18 electrons
How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 4?
2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital
6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals
10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals
14 in the fourth sub level as there are 7 orbitals.
= 32 electrons
how many electrons are there in a s orbital?
2
how many electrons are there in a p orbital?
6
how many electrons are there in a d orbital?
10
how many electrons are there in a f orbital?
14
How many electrons are there in energy level 5?
2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital
6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals
10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals
14 in the fourth sub level as there are 7 orbitals.
18 in the fifth sub level as there are 9 orbitals
= 50 electrons
What is Hund’s rule?
Electrons that occupy orbitals of the same energy will have the maximum number of electrons with the same spin (i.e. electrons spread out into separate p orbitals)
What is chirality ?
its mirror image are not identical, as chemists says – they are not superimposable.
What are enantiomers?
the two forms of the mirror image molecules
What is homochirality?
refers to the property of a group of molecules that possess the same chirality
If you are reading a molecule which is chiral how would you name it?
If this is clockwise then it is the R- stereoisomer (Latin; rectus = right handed); If this is anti-clockwise then it is the S-stereoisomer (Latin; sinister = left handed).
How do you assign priorities in a (R) and (S) configuration?
- Assign a relative “priority” to each group bonded to the asymmetric carbon. Group 1 would have the highest priority, group 2 second, etc.
- Atoms with higher atomic numbers receive higher priorities.
What are the three steps to naming the (R) and (S) configuration?
- Working in 3-D, rotate the molecule so that the lowest priority group is in back.
• Draw an arrow from highest to lowest priority group.
• Clockwise = (R), Counterclockwise = (S)
What are stereocenters?
any atom at which the interchange of two groups gives a stereoisomer.
– Chirality center (chiral carbon).
– Double-bonded carbon atoms in cis-trans isomers.
What is hydrogenation?
when the double bond of an alkene is broken into single bond to make an alkane
What is polymerisation?
double bonds are broken so the bonds can be created to form polymer chains
What is oxidation?
adding OH which breaks the double bond
What is combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen -> CO2 and H2O
What are thermoplastics? (6)
- soften when heated, and eventually forms a liquid (with enough heat)
- hardens on cooling
- completely reversible
- on heating intermolecular forces may break as chains get more thermal energy
- polymer chains can easily slide past each other
- Thermoplastic can be molded after formation
What are thermosets? (6)
- Become permanently hard during formation
- Molding must occur during formation (i.e. irreversible)
- Covalent links between polymer chains prevent chains from moving apart
- Do not soften on heating
- Usual require a high (10–50%) amount of crosslinking
- Typically harder and stronger than thermoplastics
State how to determine hybridisation.
If it’s 4, your atom is sp3.
If it’s 3, your atom is sp2.
If it’s 2, your atom is sp.
What is concentration cell corrosion?
there is one type of metal in two different environments
