Organic chemistry

Question 1

Where are the alkali metals on the periodic table?

Answer 1

column 1

Question 2

where are the alkaline earth metals on the periodic table>

Answer 2

column 2

Question 3

Where are the metals on the periodic table?

Answer 3

from column 3 to 12

Question 4

Where are the post transition metals on the period table?

Answer 4

from Al to Po

Question 5

Where are the halogens?

Answer 5

column 7

Question 6

Where are the noble gases?

Answer 6

column 8

Question 7

What angle are the atoms on an alkane?

Answer 7

109.5º

Question 8

How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 1?

Answer 8

2 electrons as there is only 1 orbital

= 2 electrons

Question 9

How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 2?

Answer 9

2 electrons in the first sub level as there is only one orbital
and 6 electrons in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals

= 8 electrons

Question 10

How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 3?

Answer 10

2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital

6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals

10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals

= 18 electrons

Question 11

How many electrons are there in the principle energy level 4?

Answer 11

2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital

6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals

10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals

14 in the fourth sub level as there are 7 orbitals.

= 32 electrons

Question 12

how many electrons are there in a s orbital?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

how many electrons are there in a p orbital?

Answer 13

6

Question 14

how many electrons are there in a d orbital?

Answer 14

10

Question 15

how many electrons are there in a f orbital?

Answer 15

14

Question 16

How many electrons are there in energy level 5?

Answer 16

2 in the first sub level as there is only 1 orbital

6 in the second sub level as there are 3 orbitals

10 in the third sub level as there are 5 orbitals

14 in the fourth sub level as there are 7 orbitals.

18 in the fifth sub level as there are 9 orbitals

= 50 electrons

Question 17

What is Hund’s rule?

Answer 17

Electrons that occupy orbitals of the same energy will have the maximum number of electrons with the same spin (i.e. electrons spread out into separate p orbitals)

Question 18

What is chirality ?

Answer 18

its mirror image are not identical, as chemists says – they are not superimposable.

Question 19

What are enantiomers?

Answer 19

the two forms of the mirror image molecules

Question 20

What is homochirality?

Answer 20

refers to the property of a group of molecules that possess the same chirality

Question 21

If you are reading a molecule which is chiral how would you name it?

Answer 21

If this is clockwise then it is the R- stereoisomer (Latin; rectus = right handed); If this is anti-clockwise then it is the S-stereoisomer (Latin; sinister = left handed).

Question 22

How do you assign priorities in a (R) and (S) configuration?

Answer 22

• Assign a relative “priority” to each group bonded to the asymmetric carbon. Group 1 would have the highest priority, group 2 second, etc.
• Atoms with higher atomic numbers receive higher priorities.

Question 23

What are the three steps to naming the (R) and (S) configuration?

Answer 23

• Working in 3-D, rotate the molecule so that the lowest priority group is in back.
  • Draw an arrow from highest to lowest priority group.
  • Clockwise = (R), Counterclockwise = (S)

Question 24

What are stereocenters?

Answer 24

any atom at which the interchange of two groups gives a stereoisomer.
– Chirality center (chiral carbon).
– Double-bonded carbon atoms in cis-trans isomers.

Question 25

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 25

when the double bond of an alkene is broken into single bond to make an alkane

Question 26

What is polymerisation?

Answer 26

double bonds are broken so the bonds can be created to form polymer chains

Question 27

What is oxidation?

Answer 27

adding OH which breaks the double bond

Question 28

What is combustion?

Answer 28

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> CO2 and H2O

Question 29

What are thermoplastics? (6)

Answer 29

• soften when heated, and eventually forms a liquid (with enough heat)
• hardens on cooling
• completely reversible
• on heating intermolecular forces may break as chains get more thermal energy
• polymer chains can easily slide past each other
• Thermoplastic can be molded after formation

Question 30

What are thermosets? (6)

Answer 30

• Become permanently hard during formation
• Molding must occur during formation (i.e. irreversible)
• Covalent links between polymer chains prevent chains from moving apart
• Do not soften on heating
• Usual require a high (10–50%) amount of crosslinking
• Typically harder and stronger than thermoplastics

Question 31

State how to determine hybridisation.

Answer 31

If it’s 4, your atom is sp3.
If it’s 3, your atom is sp2.
If it’s 2, your atom is sp.

Question 32

What is concentration cell corrosion?

Answer 32

there is one type of metal in two different environments