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Chemistry Revision > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

1) A finite resource found in rocks
2) the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud
3) mixture of a a large number of compounds, most of them being hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are called…

A

Alkanes

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3
Q

What is the the general alkane formula?

A

C2H2n+2

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4
Q

Alkanes are:

A

1) a homologous series
2) saturated compounds
3) they all have C-C single bonds

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5
Q

The shorter the carbon chain

A

1) The less viscous (more runny)
2) more volatile (lower bp)
3) the more flammable

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6
Q

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

1) happens when there’s plenty of oxygen
2) releases a lot of energy, carbon dioxide and water
3) carbon and hydrogen are oxidised

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7
Q

Fractional distillation

A

1) oil is heated until it is mostly gas
2) gases enter a fractionating column (liquid is drained off)
3) in columns here’s a temp gradient (gets cooler as you go up)
4) longer hydrocarbons have higher bp, condense back and drain out the column early on
5) the shorter hydrocarbons have lower bp, condense near the top of column when it’s cooler.
7) end up with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions

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8
Q

What can the fractions of crude oil be used for?

A

To produce fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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9
Q

What useful materials are made by the petrochemical industry?

A

Solvents, polymers, detergents, lubricants

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10
Q

What fuels can you make from fractional distillation?

A

Diesel, kerosene, petrol, LPG

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11
Q

Two forms of cracking?

A

1) Catalytic cracking (400C, high pressure?)

2) steam cracking (600C, low pressure?)

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12
Q

Alkanes are…

A

1) Hydrocarbons with a double C=C bond

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13
Q

The homologous series for alkenes is…

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

Because they have two fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes with the same number of carbon

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15
Q

How do alkenes react with oxygen?

A

In the same way as other hydrocarbons (combustion reaction) but it tends to burn in a smoky flame due to incomplete combustion

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16
Q

What is alcohol’s functional group?

A

-OH

17
Q

When an alcohol reacts with sodium…

A

One of their products is hydrogen

18
Q

When reacting with oxygen, alcohols…

A

Oxidise to create carboxylic acid eg methanoic acid

19
Q

Why are alcohols used as solvents?

A

Bc they can dissolve most things water can dissolve but can also dissolve things water can’t eg hydrocarbons, fats and oils

20
Q

Shy are alcohols used as fuels?

A

Eg ethanol is used as a fuel In spirit burners. Burns fairly cleanly and non smelly

21
Q

How can ethanol be made?

A

Fermentation. This process uses an enzyme from yeast to convert sugars into ethanol. CO2 is also produced.

22
Q

Fermentation happens fastest at

A

37 degrees in slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions

23
Q

What’s the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

24
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

Produce a salt, water and co2. Salts would end in -anoate eg ethanoate.

25
Q

Carboxylic acid can’t/ can dissolve in water?

A

CAN. They ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution. But they only form weak acidic solutions because not all acid molecules release their h+ ions, meaning they have a higher pH than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration.

26
Q

Eaters have functional group…

A

-COO- and are formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. An acid catalyst is usually used

27
Q

Alkenes can be used to produce polymers eg poly(ethene) through…

A

Addition polymerisation

28
Q

What happens during addition polymerisation reactions?

A

Many small monomers join together to form very large molecules aka polymers. Requires a catalyst and high pressure

29
Q

Condensation polymerisation involves…

A

Monomers with two functional groups.

30
Q

During c.p., monomers that react and join together…

A

Lose small molecules such as water

31
Q

How many functional groups do amino acids have?

A

Two

32
Q

How do amino acids react?

A

Through c.p. to produce polypeptides. Amino acids can be combined in the same chain to produce proteins

33
Q

What are DNA molecules made from?

A

Hey are two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides in the form of a double helix

Chemistry Revision (4 decks)

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