Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Crude oil
Unrefined oil
Hydrocarbons
Fossil fuel
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen and carbon compound
Separate crude oil
Fractional distillation
Crude oil heated at tower
Temp gradient
Fractions with boiling point lower than fractions with highest boiling point, evaporates, rises
For each fractions, reaches condensing point, condense, collected
Fractions
Refinery gases, domestic cooking Gasoline, cars Kerosene, planes Diesel, lorries Fuel oil, ships Bitumen, road surface
Burning hydrocarbons
Produce CO2, GH
GH effect
GW
Carbon monoxide
Incomplete combustion product
Toxic
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Colourless, odourless
Suphur dioxide
Impurities in fossil fuels From car engines Sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide and water and oxygen Acid rain Trees die Acidified lake Limestone dissolved
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen in engines, react with oxygen
Acid rain
Cracking
Supply of small hydrocarbons meet high demands
Larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons
Passed over alumina, silica, 600/700C
Random products
Alkanes
Saturated
Simple hydrocarbon
Alkane formula
Cn+H2n+2
Physical properties of alkanes
Higher the number of carbons
Stronger intermolecular forces, higher boiling point
Alkane reactions with bromine
UV Substitution Orange to colourless Bromoalkane Hydrogen bromide
Structural isomerism
Different structural and displayed formula
Same number of carbons, hydrogens
Alkenes
Unsaturated
Alkane formula
CnH2n
Physical properties of alkenes
Higher number of hydrocarbons
Stronger intermolecular forces
Higher boiling points
Alkenes reaction with bromine
Bromine water
Addition
Orange to colourless
Alcohols
Hydrocarbon with OH
Alcohol formula
Alkane formula+O
Combustion of alcohols
Can be used as a fuel
Hydration of ethene
Hydration 300C 60-70atm Phosphoric acid catalyst Fermentation 30C Pasty yeast ferments sugar with enzymes
Advantages of hydration
Faster Continuous Pure ethanol Large scale Few workers
Advantages of fermentation
Glucose, yeast, cheap
Renewable
No high pressure, energy needed
No danger.
Disadvantages of hydration
Expensive, energy required
Alkenes from non renewable sources
Specific conditions
Disadvantages of fermentation
Time consuming Sugar takes land Small scale Impure with water Many workers needed
Dehydration
Ethene
Heat strongly
Pass ethanol over alumina
Test with bromine water
Polymers
Many different monomers join together to make one molecule
Addition, double bond opens up, ethene joins to make a polymer
Use of polythene
Cheap Strong Waterproof Inert Mouldable Lightweight Plastic bag
Uses of polypropylene
Tough Strong Mouldable Lightweight Plastic boxes
Uses of chloroethene
Flexible Insulator Waterproof Inert Clothes
Issues with polymers
Inert
Not biodegradable
Monomers from un renewable sources
Condensation polymers
Water sometimes produced
2 monomers
Form polymer chains
