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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated definition

A

Only single bonds in a molecule

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2
Q

Unsaturated definition

A

A molecule containing a double bond

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3
Q

Isomerism

A 
- A group of compounds which share:
• same functional group
• same general formula
• same chemical reactions
• gradual change in physical properties
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4
Q

Hydrocarbon definition

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

Alkanes formula

A

Cn H2n+2

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6
Q

Uses of alkanes

A

Fuels

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7
Q

Order of alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane

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8
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes

A
  • A blue flame indicates complete combustion:

Methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

CH4 (g) + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

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9
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

A
  • when oxygen supply is limited, a yellow flame is produced so incomplete combustion occurs:

Methane + oxygen -> carbon + water

CH4 + O2 -> C + 2H2O

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10
Q

What else can be produced in incomplete combustion of Alkanes? (Fuels)

A

Carbon monoxide

Methane + oxygen-> carbon monoxide + water

2CH4 + 3O2 -> 2CO + 4H2O

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

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11
Q

A substitution reaction with alkanes

A
  • methane with bromine, in the presence of UV light, a substitution reaction occurs:

Methane + bromine -> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

CH4 + Br2 (g) -> CH3Br (g) + HBr

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12
Q

Alkenes formula

A

Cn H2n

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13
Q

Uses of alkenes

A

Making polymers

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14
Q

Order of alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene.

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15
Q

Additional reaction with alkenes

A
  • alkenes react with bromine so the bromine water loses its colour

Ethene + bromine -> dibromoethane
(Colourless Gas)(orange Liquid)(colourless liquid)

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16
Q

What is in crude oil

A 
Refinery gases - camping gas
Gasoline - petrol
Kerosene - fuel for planes
Diesel - fuel for vans/lorries (diesel)
Fuel oil - fuel for ships/heating systems 
Bitumen - tar on roads
17
Q

How do the length of the molecules change in the fractional column and temperature

A

As you go up the column, the molecules get smaller

Increased length- increases boiling point

18
Q

How does the viscosity change in the column

A

As the chain length increases, viscosity increases

19
Q

Volatility definition

A

Volatility is the tendency of a substance to vapourise

20
Q

What are the conditions for cracking

A

600-700° C

Silica or alumina catalyst

21
Q

What could you use to test for alkenes

A

Bromine water (turns from brown -> colourless)

22
Q

General characteristics of any homologous series

A
  • different physical properties
  • presented by the same general formula
  • same chemical characteristics
23
Q

Manufacture of ethanol

A
  • passing ethene and steam over a phosphoric acid catalyst
  • temperature of 300° C
  • pressure of 60-70 atm
24
Q

Fermentation

A
  • sugar is converted to ethanol using yeast (enzyme is zymase)
  • requires 30° C
25
Q

Dehydrating ethanol

A

C2H5OH —> C2H4 + H2O

  • ceramic wool soaked in ethanol
  • aluminium oxide catalyst
26
Q

Making ethanol from Ethene, advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages

  • fast continuous process
  • Large amounts of ethanol produced

Disadvantages

  • uses nonrenewable resources
  • flavours have to be added artificially
27
Q

Making ethanol from Fermentation, advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages

  • uses renewable resources
  • produces flavour of alcoholic drinks

Disadvantages

  • slow ‘batch’ process
  • only small amounts of ethanol produced
  • what produced isn’t pure
28
Q

Polymerisation

A
  • The joining up of lots of little molecules, called monomers, to form a big molecule called a polymer
29
Q

2 types of polymerisation

A

Additional polymerisation

Condensation polymerisation

30
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

When alkenes add together to form the polymer

E.g. styrene —> polystyrene

31
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A
  • requires two different monomers
  • The monomers react together and bonds form
  • with each new bond formed, small molecule is lost e.g. a water molecule (condensation)

E.g nylon

32
Q

Uses of polymers

A

Polyethene- light, waterproof, for plastic bags
Polypropene- heat resistant, kettles
Polychloroethene- water pipes, insulation on electrical cables

33
Q

What is a monomer

A

A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer

34
Q

What is a polymer

A

A large molecule made up of linked monomers

35
Q

Draw the repeat unit of addition polymers

A
  • poly(ethene)
  • poly(propene)
  • poly(chloroethene)
36
Q

Why are addition polymers hard to dispose of

A

Because of their inertness means they do not easily biodegrade

37
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and physical properties that change gradually from one member of the series to the next

38
Q

What is a general formula

A

It is a type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds.

39
Q

What do cars produce which contribute to acid rain

A

Nitrogen oxide

Chemistry (14 decks)

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