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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Saturated definition

A

Only single bonds in a molecule

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2
Q

Unsaturated definition

A

A molecule containing a double bond

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3
Q

Isomerism

A 
- A group of compounds which share:
• same functional group
• same general formula
• same chemical reactions
• gradual change in physical properties
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4
Q

Hydrocarbon definition

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

Alkanes formula

A

Cn H2n+2

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6
Q

Uses of alkanes

A

Fuels

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7
Q

Order of alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane

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8
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes

A
  • A blue flame indicates complete combustion:

Methane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

CH4 (g) + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

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9
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

A
  • when oxygen supply is limited, a yellow flame is produced so incomplete combustion occurs:

Methane + oxygen -> carbon + water

CH4 + O2 -> C + 2H2O

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10
Q

What else can be produced in incomplete combustion of Alkanes? (Fuels)

A

Carbon monoxide

Methane + oxygen-> carbon monoxide + water

2CH4 + 3O2 -> 2CO + 4H2O

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

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11
Q

A substitution reaction with alkanes

A
  • methane with bromine, in the presence of UV light, a substitution reaction occurs:

Methane + bromine -> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

CH4 + Br2 (g) -> CH3Br (g) + HBr

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12
Q

Alkenes formula

A

Cn H2n

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13
Q

Uses of alkenes

A

Making polymers

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14
Q

Order of alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene.

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15
Q

Additional reaction with alkenes

A
  • alkenes react with bromine so the bromine water loses its colour

Ethene + bromine -> dibromoethane
(Colourless Gas)(orange Liquid)(colourless liquid)

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16
Q

What is in crude oil

A 
Refinery gases - camping gas
Gasoline - petrol
Kerosene - fuel for planes
Diesel - fuel for vans/lorries (diesel)
Fuel oil - fuel for ships/heating systems 
Bitumen - tar on roads
17
Q

How do the length of the molecules change in the fractional column and temperature

A

As you go up the column, the molecules get smaller

Increased length- increases boiling point

18
Q

How does the viscosity change in the column

A

As the chain length increases, viscosity increases

19
Q

Volatility definition

A

Volatility is the tendency of a substance to vapourise

20
Q

What are the conditions for cracking

A

600-700° C

Silica or alumina catalyst

21
Q

What could you use to test for alkenes

A

Bromine water (turns from brown -> colourless)

22
Q

General characteristics of any homologous series

A
  • different physical properties
  • presented by the same general formula
  • same chemical characteristics
23
Q

Manufacture of ethanol

A
  • passing ethene and steam over a phosphoric acid catalyst
  • temperature of 300° C
  • pressure of 60-70 atm
24
Q

Fermentation

A
  • sugar is converted to ethanol using yeast (enzyme is zymase)
  • requires 30° C
25
Dehydrating ethanol
C2H5OH —> C2H4 + H2O - ceramic wool soaked in ethanol - aluminium oxide catalyst
26
Making ethanol from Ethene, advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - fast continuous process - Large amounts of ethanol produced Disadvantages - uses nonrenewable resources - flavours have to be added artificially
27
Making ethanol from Fermentation, advantages and disadvantages
Advantages - uses renewable resources - produces flavour of alcoholic drinks Disadvantages - slow ‘batch’ process - only small amounts of ethanol produced - what produced isn’t pure
28
Polymerisation
- The joining up of lots of little molecules, called monomers, to form a big molecule called a polymer
29
2 types of polymerisation
Additional polymerisation | Condensation polymerisation
30
Addition polymerisation
When alkenes add together to form the polymer E.g. styrene —> polystyrene
31
Condensation polymerisation
- requires two different monomers - The monomers react together and bonds form - with each new bond formed, small molecule is lost e.g. a water molecule (condensation) E.g nylon
32
Uses of polymers
Polyethene- light, waterproof, for plastic bags Polypropene- heat resistant, kettles Polychloroethene- water pipes, insulation on electrical cables
33
What is a monomer
A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer
34
What is a polymer
A large molecule made up of linked monomers
35
Draw the repeat unit of addition polymers
- poly(ethene) - poly(propene) - poly(chloroethene)
36
Why are addition polymers hard to dispose of
Because of their inertness means they do not easily biodegrade
37
What is a homologous series
A group of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and physical properties that change gradually from one member of the series to the next
38
What is a general formula
It is a type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds.
39
What do cars produce which contribute to acid rain
Nitrogen oxide

Chemistry (14 decks)

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