Equilibria Flashcards
1
Q
Hydrated copper sulphate
A
CuSO4 . 5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
add heat
Products are endo
2
Q
Ammonium chloride
A
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
heated
Products are endo
3
Q
Dynamic equilibrium
A
- when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction (overall amount of products and reactants stay the same)
- occur in closed conditions (no substances added or removed)
4
Q
Changing equilibrium (or Chatelier’s principle)
A
- increasing/decreasing the concentration of substance present, changing temperature or pressure
5
Q
Changing concentration
A
- Increasing concentration of reactants favours products
- decreasing concentration of reactants favours reactants
6
Q
Changing temperature
A
- if forward reaction is endothermic, increasing the temperature will increase the yield
- if forward reaction is exothermic, decreasing the temperature will increase the yield
7
Q
Changing pressure
A
- increasing pressure favours side with least number of moles
- decreasing pressure favours the side with the most moles
8
Q
Catalyst on equilibrium
A
- adding catalysts speed up both reactions so has no affect on the yield
9
Q
What does the Haber process manufacture
A
Ammonia
10
Q
Steps of the Haber process
A
- hydrogen and nitrogen mixed with ammonia
- mixture is cooled so the ammonia is liquefied
- ammonia is removed and nitrogen and hydrogen are recirculated
11
Q
Conditions for making ammonia
A
- temperature 450 degrees Celsius
- 200 atmospheres of pressure
- iron catalyst
12
Q
Making sulphuric acid
A
- S+O2 —> SO2 (sulphur dioxide)
- 2SO2 + O2 —> 2SO3 (sulphur trioxide)
- SO3 + H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) —> H2S2O7 (oleum)
- H2S2O7 + H2O —> 2H2SO4
13
Q
Conditions for making sulphuric acid
A
- 450 degrees Celsius
- 2 atmospheres
- vanadium oxide catalyst
14
Q
Uses of ammonia
A
Nitric acid
Fertiliser
15
Q
Uses of sulphuric acid
A
Detergents
Fertilisers
Paints
