Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Definition organic compound
compound contains carbon and hydrogen in covalently bonded structure
Definition catenation
carbon’s ability to link itself to form chains and rings
Definition saturation
compounds with single carbon bonds, ex alkanes
Definition unsaturation
compounds with carbon double or triple bonds, ex alkenes, arenes
Definition Aliphatics
compounds which do not contain a benzene ring, may be saturated or unsaturated.
- ex alkanes, alkenes
Definition Arenes
compounds which contain a benzene ring
- unsaturated
- ex benzene, phenol
Definition Electrophile (electron-seeking)
- an electron deficient species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron rich
- electrophiles are positives ions or have a partial positive change
- ex NO2+, H+
Definition Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking)
- electron rich species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron deficient
- nucleophiles have a long pair of electrons and may have a negative charge
- ex- Cl-, OH-, NH3
Addition Reaction
- occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product
- unsaturated compounds
Substitution Reaction
- occurs when one atom or group of atoms in compound is replaced by a different atom or group
- saturated compounds or aromatic compounds
Addition- Elimination Reaction
- occurs when two reactants join together (addition) and in the process a small molecule is lost (elimination)
- between functional group in each reactant
- called condensation reaction
Definition Homolytic fission
- when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between two products
- produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron
Definition Heterolytic fission
- when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products
- produces two oppositely charged ions
Way to remember order of alkanes
my enormous penis bangs pussy hard
alcohol functional group suffix and functional group
- anol
- OH
alkyne functional group suffix and functional group
- yne
- triple bond between 2 carbons
ether functional group suffix and functional group
- oxyalkane
- R–O–R
aldehyde functional group suffix and functional group
- anal
- C=O, C-H
ketone functional group suffix and functional group
- anone
- C-C-C
=
O
carboxylic acid functional group suffix and functional group
- antic acid
- C=O, C-OH
ester functional group suffix and functional group
- anoate
- C=O, C-OC
Primary carbon atom
attached to functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms
Secondary carbon atom
- attached to functional group, one hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups (C atoms)
Tertiary carbon atom
- attached to functional group, 3 alkyl groups, no hydrogen atoms
Primary nitrogen atom
- attached to alkyl group, at least 2 hydrogen atoms
Secondary Nitrogen atom
- 1 hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups
Tertiary Nitrogen atom
- 3 alkyl groups
Arenes definition
- class of compounds derived from Benzene (C6H6)
- properties distinct from other organic compounds
- Have functional group: C6H5-
Basics of Alkanes
- saturated hydrocarbons
- only react in presence of strong source of energy
- stable under most conditions: stored, transported safely
- non-polar bonds, so low reactivity
Combustion of Alkanes
- highly exothermic- release a lot of energy when combust
In complete combustion of alkanes, the products are:
- CO2 and H20
- products are fully oxidized
In incomplete combustion of alkanes where oxygen supply is limited and super limited:
- limited: creates water and Carbon Monoxide
- super limited: create carbon
What is a difference that can be observed about the flame between alkanes and alkenes?
in alkenes, as C:H ratio increases with unsaturation, there’s a more smoky flame because of the unburned Carbon
Products of alkane combustion effects on environment
- CO2 and H20- greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and contribute to climate change and global warming
- CO is fatal toxin at high concentrations because it bonds to hemoglobin in blood
- Unburned Carbon particles- lead to respiratory effects and global dimming (form smog in polluted air)
Substitution reaction of alkanes
- halogen takes place of H atom in alkane
- UV light necessary to break covalent bond of Chlorine molecule
Steps of substitution reaction of alkanes
initiation- forms two free radicles
propagation- free radicles react with other reactants or products, produce more free radicles (chain reaction)
termination- free radicles react with other free radicles, stopping the chain reaction
Alkanes and Alkenes in Bromine water
- bromine water orange-brown
- alkane and bromine water= still orange brown
- alkene and bromine water= bromine water decolorized. Bromine blinded to extra carbon chains
Alkene Basics
- unsaturated hydrocarbon
- carbon- carbon double bond
- carbon atoms in bond have trigonal planar shape with 120 degrees angle
- more reactive than alkanes- one of the double bond is easily broken
- addition reaction forms different saturated products
What bond angle to alkenes have
carbon atoms that form double bond have trigonal planar shape, angle 120 degrees
Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes
- form alkanes with higher melting points
- nickel catalyst at 150 degrees Celsius
- called hydrogenation
- done in margarine industry, so margarine is solid at room temperature
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- form dihalogeno compounds
- result in loss of color of halogen
- happen quickly at room temperature
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- form dihalogeno compounds
- result in loss of color of halogen
- happen quickly at room temperature
- form alkane
Addition of halogen halides (ex HCl, HBr) to Alkenes
- form alkane
- reactivity is HI>HBr>HCl
HI has weakest bond, and reacts more readily
Addition of water to Alkenes
- hydration- reaction with water
- converts alkene into alcohol
- concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4)
- ethanol is manufactured in large scale, is a solvent
addition polymers
- long chained alkenes
- able to be joined together because they readily break their double bond and undergo addition reactions
- ex ethene —-> polythene
Nucleophilic substitution
reactions where halogen is substituted
Electrophilic substitution
when an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich area and substitution occurs
Reaction of benzene with halogens
C6H6 + Cl2 = C6H5Cl + HCl
Properties of Benzene
- high degree of unsaturation because of 1:1 ration of carbon to hydrogen
- 1 isomer
- reluctant to undergo addition reactions
- each carbon has 3 single bonds (120 degrees)
- delocalized electrons is a stable arrangement- symmetrical cloud of electron charge above and below plane
Benzene Bonding
- all carbon-carbon bond lengths equal
- more likely to undergo substitution to preserve stable ring structure
- more stable structure than predicted by Kekule
What is the one isomer of benzene?
1,2- dibromobenzene
What is a homologous series?
Series of compounds with the same general formula but differ in structural unit.
