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Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

In what environment did life begin?

A

aqueous environment

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

membrane enclosed and defined by a volume of space. Allows ph, temperature, chemical concentrations to be controlled/generated

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism

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4
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

sequences and cycles where reactions are controlled

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5
Q

Metabolites

A

compounds participating in metabolism

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6
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Requires energy for the synthesis of product by precursors (reactants)

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7
Q

Does anabolism or catabolism require energy?

A

anabolism

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8
Q

Example of anabolism

A

synthesis of proteins from AA, nucleic acids from nucleotides

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

metabolic pathways of breakdown of something to release energy. Energy from this reaction drives anabolic reactions

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10
Q

zwitterions/internal salts

A

positive and negative charges within a molecule resulting from transfer of proton from carboxylic acid to basic amino group

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11
Q

Amino acids are _____ and ______, meaning they are able to react as a base and acid

A

amphoteric/amphiprotic

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12
Q

Isoelectric point

A

when amino acid is electrically neutral, no net charge at pH

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13
Q

protein bonds

A

peptide bond

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14
Q

lipid bonds

A

ester bonds

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15
Q

carbohydrate bond

A

glycosidic bond

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16
Q

What happens when AA is an acid?

A

donates proton (look at study guide) to form anion (-)

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17
Q

What happens when AA is a base?

A

accepts a proton to form a cation (+)

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18
Q

bonds in primary structure of protein

A

covalent (peptide) bonds between amino acids

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19
Q

bonds in secondary structure of protein

A

hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains, peptide bonds

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20
Q

bonds in tertiary and quaternary structure of protein

A

hydrogen, peptide, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

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21
Q

In a reaction, enzymes provide:

A
  • lower activation energy

- alternate reaction pathway

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22
Q

Optimum temperature for enzymes

A

37 degrees Celsius

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23
Q

In a reaction, how do enzymes speed up the rate of reaction?

A
  • increase in kinetic energy in particles

- increase in collision frequency between enzyme and substrate

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24
Q

Denaturation definition

A

loss of tertiary structure, irreversible

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25
Q

Deactivation definition

A

lowering of temperature, doesn’t change tertiary structure of enzyme, just prevents enzyme from working, reversible

26
Q

How does PH affect rate of reaction of enzymes?

A
  • affect shape of enzyme and its ability to recognize substrate and form complex
  • influences state of ionization (how the molecule acquires a positive or negative charge)
27
Q

How do heavy metal ions affect the rate of reaction of enzymes?

A
  • react with sulfhydryl groups in side chains of protein, forming a covalent bond with the sulfer atom, displacing hydrogen ion
  • disrupts folding of protein, changing shape of active site
  • form of inhibition
28
Q

What are the everyday uses of proteins?

A
  • confirm pregnancy
  • diagnose diseases
  • test results of drug
29
Q

What is chromatography used for?

A

separating and identifying components of a mixture based on different solubility

30
Q

What is sprayed on the amino acids to locate them?

A

ninhydrin, making the AA purple

31
Q

How does the paper help chromatography?

A
  • paper is made from cellulose

- water forms hydrogen bonds with carboxylic groups (-OH) in paper, so water is absorbed

32
Q

How does the water rise from the paper in chromatography? (what action)

A

solvent rises up paper through capillary action, which dissolves components of mixture to different extents

33
Q

In chromatography, what is Rf used for?

A

Rf= (distance moved by amino acid)/ (distance moved by the solvent)
- measures solubility of AA

34
Q

What is Electrophoresis?

A

technique for analysis and separation of mixture based on movement of charged particles in an electric field

35
Q

How much more energy do lipids have than carbohydrates?

A

2x

36
Q

Where are lipids stored in animals?

A

adipose tissue or blubber

37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When low density lipoproteins and cholesterol are deposited to walls of main blood vessels, leading to heart disease

38
Q

Female steroid hormones

A
  • used as contraceptive pill and hormone replacement therapy during menopause
39
Q

Male steroid hormones

A
  • called androgens

- promote tissue/ muscle growth, used to increase strength, performance, endurance

40
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • tetrahedral bond angles (109.5)
  • London dispersion forces
  • high melting points
  • butter and lard
  • carbon carbon single bond
41
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • 120 degrees bond angle
  • trigonal planar
  • weaker intermolecular forces, and lower melting point
  • liquid at room temperature
  • oil
42
Q

Degree of unsaturation using iodine

A
  • a reaction of iodine with fat
  • amount of excess iodine remaining from reaction is determined
  • lower the iodine value, higher the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the fat
43
Q

Hydrolytic Rancidity

A
  • fat breaks down by hydrolysis reactions using water present in the food
  • this occurs faster in heat, which is why we refrigerate stuff
  • catalyzed by lipase enzyme
  • bad smell and taste
44
Q

Oxidative Rancidity

A
  • unsaturated fats react with oxygen in the air and the lipid molecules are oxidized
  • caused by volatile aldehyde and ketones
  • accelerated by light, enzymes, metal ions
  • occurs in fats and oils
  • can’t be controlled, not eliminated by addition of antioxidants
45
Q

Hydrolysis of fats and phospholipids

A
  • occurs in digestion of gut
  • lipid digestion is a slow process
  • occur in acidic or alkaline conditions
  • catalyzed by lipases
46
Q

Structure of steroid

A
  • lipids with structure with four fused rings form steroidal backbone
  • provides fluidity and permeability to membrane
  • non-polar rings, polar head
47
Q

Vitamins

A
  • organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal growth and metabolism
  • not synthesized in the body
48
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A
  • polar bonds
  • form hydrogen bonds with water
  • transported directly in blood
  • ex Vitamin B and C
  • most sensitive to heat
49
Q

Lipid- soluble vitamins

A
  • mostly non-polar
  • long hydrocarbon chains or rings
  • slower to be absorbed
  • excess stored in fat tissues
  • ex A,D,E
50
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • needed for healthy eyesight
  • orange and yellow fruit, vegetables
  • vitamin fortification- when vitamins are added to margarine
51
Q

Vitamin B

A
  • found in unprocessed Vitamin Cfood- whole grains

- deficiency leads to mental disorders, anemia

52
Q

Vitamin C

A
  • deficiency leads to lower resistance to infection and scruvy
  • diet with fresh fruits and vegetables
53
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • sunlight on skin, important for healthy bones
54
Q

Xenobiotics

A
  • chemical compounds found in a living organism, but foreign to that organism
  • ex- drugs, food additives, insecticides, plastics
  • enter cell and are modified by enzymes and detoxified
  • when they can’t be modified, they build up in cells (bioaccumulation)
  • when this happens, the pharmaceutically active compounds are released from the body unmodified or partially metabolized
55
Q

Biomagnification

A

increase in concentration of a xenobiotic substance in a food web

  • occurs when xenobiotic can’t be metabolized, so taken up when one organism feeds on antoher
  • greatest effect for animals on top of the food change
  • example- DDT insecticited
56
Q

Amelioration

A

the approaches to lessen the problems of xenobiotics and improve the outlook

57
Q

Host-guest chemistry

A
  • synthesis of a host molecule, that is able to bind non-covalently to a guest molecule, forming a supermolecule
  • include hydrogen, ionic, van der waals, hydrophobic interactions
  • technique can remove toxins from nuclear waste and make toxin less harmful
58
Q

Biodegradable substances

A
  • substances that can be broken down by natural processes
  • plant based plastic- starch content hydrolyzed to make CO2 and H20
  • Petroleum based plastic- from by product of oil industry. Microfragments broken down by bacteria
59
Q

Bioremediation

A
  • using microorganisms to break oil down by using it as a food source and oxidize it in respiration
  • ameliorate toxic effects of crude oil spill
60
Q

Green chemistry

A
  • chemistry for the environment
  • minimizing production of waste
  • safer solvents
  • reduce the footb=print of chemical manufacturing processes
61
Q

Examples of Green Chemistry

A
  • corn starch plastic
  • enzymes help produce esters for face creams
  • enzymes replace polluting detergents
  • natural fibers replace synthetic materials

Chemistry (11 decks)

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