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Chemistry IGCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Use of petroleum gas

A

Fuel for cooking

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2
Q

Use of gasoline

A

Fuel for cars

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3
Q

Use of naphtha

A

Feedstock for chemical industries

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4
Q

Use of paraffin

A
  • oil stoves

- aircraft fuel

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5
Q

Use of diesel

A

Fuel in Diesel engines

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6
Q

Use of lubricating oil

A
  • lubricants

- polishes/waxes

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7
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Making roads

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8
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

Describe the products of combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

Describe the process of halogenation

A

A reactive halogen displaces hydrogen in a hydrocarbon.

Chlorine: chloro-
Bromine: bromo-
E.g. Chloromethane

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11
Q

General formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

What is cracking in organic chemistry?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction in which an alkene (or sometimes hydrogen) is produced from an alkane

E.g. Cracking ethane will give ethene and hydrogen
E.g. Cracking butane will give ethane and ethene

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13
Q

Describe an alkene’s reaction: catalytic addition of steam

A

Forms alcohol under the right temperature and pressure

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14
Q

Describe an alkene’s reaction: catalytic addition of hydrogen

A

Its double bond will break down to form an alkane under the right temperature and pressure

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15
Q

General formula of alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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16
Q

Describe the fermentation process used to obtain ethanol

A
  1. Enzymes in yeast break down glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide (exothermic)
  2. Substances are left to ferment
  3. Fractional distillation is used to obtain ethanol
17
Q

Describe the optimal conditions for the catalytic addition of steam to ethene

A

Temperature: 570 degrees
Pressure: 60-70 atmospheres
Catalyst: phosphoric acid

18
Q

Uses of ethanol

A
  • as an organic solvent

- substitute to petrol as it burns cleanly

19
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

20
Q

How is ethanoic acid formed?

A
  • Oxidation of ethanol

- in the presence of acidified potassium manganate

21
Q

Describe the dehydration of ethanol

A

Pass the alcohol vapor over a heated aluminium oxide catalyst. Ethanol will revert to ethene.

22
Q

Catalyst of estero fixation

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid

23
Q

Use of polythene

A
  • plastic bags/gloves
  • mugs
  • bowls
  • chairs
  • dustbins
24
Q

Use of polychloroethane (PCC)

A
  • water pipes
  • wellingtons
  • hoses
  • covering for electricity cables
25
Q

Uses of polypropene

A
  • crates

- ropes

26
Q

Uses of polystyrene

A
  • fast-food cartons
  • packaging
  • insulation
27
Q

Uses of Teflon

A
  • non-stick frypans
  • fabric protector
  • windshield wiper
  • flooring
28
Q

Uses of nylon

A
  • ropes
  • fishing nets/lines
  • tents
  • curtains
29
Q

Uses of terylene

A
  • clothing

- thread

30
Q

Effects of plastic pollution

A
  • chokes animals that try to eat them
  • clogs up drains/sewers to cause flooding
  • collects in rivers and get in the way of fish
  • blow into trees/beaches/tourist spots, not visually appealing
31
Q

Nylon has the same linkages as…

A

Proteins

32
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Process in which:

  • proteins are broken down into amino acids
  • fats are broken down to fatty acids + glycerol
  • starch is broken down to glucose
33
Q

Terylene has the same linkages as…

A

Fats

34
Q

Fractions of petroleum, in order from lowest to highest boiling point:

A
  1. Petroleum gas
  2. Gasoline
  3. Naphtha
  4. Paraffin
  5. Diesel
  6. Lubricating oil
  7. Bitumen

Chemistry IGCSE (18 decks)

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