Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Use of petroleum gas
Fuel for cooking
Use of gasoline
Fuel for cars
Use of naphtha
Feedstock for chemical industries
Use of paraffin
- oil stoves
- aircraft fuel
Use of diesel
Fuel in Diesel engines
Use of lubricating oil
- lubricants
- polishes/waxes
Use of bitumen
Making roads
General formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
Describe the products of combustion of alkanes
Carbon dioxide and water
Describe the process of halogenation
A reactive halogen displaces hydrogen in a hydrocarbon.
Chlorine: chloro-
Bromine: bromo-
E.g. Chloromethane
General formula of alkenes
CnH2n
What is cracking in organic chemistry?
Thermal decomposition reaction in which an alkene (or sometimes hydrogen) is produced from an alkane
E.g. Cracking ethane will give ethene and hydrogen
E.g. Cracking butane will give ethane and ethene
Describe an alkene’s reaction: catalytic addition of steam
Forms alcohol under the right temperature and pressure
Describe an alkene’s reaction: catalytic addition of hydrogen
Its double bond will break down to form an alkane under the right temperature and pressure
General formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
Describe the fermentation process used to obtain ethanol
- Enzymes in yeast break down glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide (exothermic)
- Substances are left to ferment
- Fractional distillation is used to obtain ethanol
Describe the optimal conditions for the catalytic addition of steam to ethene
Temperature: 570 degrees
Pressure: 60-70 atmospheres
Catalyst: phosphoric acid
Uses of ethanol
- as an organic solvent
- substitute to petrol as it burns cleanly
General formula of carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH
How is ethanoic acid formed?
- Oxidation of ethanol
- in the presence of acidified potassium manganate
Describe the dehydration of ethanol
Pass the alcohol vapor over a heated aluminium oxide catalyst. Ethanol will revert to ethene.
Catalyst of estero fixation
Concentrated sulphuric acid
Use of polythene
- plastic bags/gloves
- mugs
- bowls
- chairs
- dustbins
Use of polychloroethane (PCC)
- water pipes
- wellingtons
- hoses
- covering for electricity cables
Uses of polypropene
- crates
- ropes
Uses of polystyrene
- fast-food cartons
- packaging
- insulation
Uses of Teflon
- non-stick frypans
- fabric protector
- windshield wiper
- flooring
Uses of nylon
- ropes
- fishing nets/lines
- tents
- curtains
Uses of terylene
- clothing
- thread
Effects of plastic pollution
- chokes animals that try to eat them
- clogs up drains/sewers to cause flooding
- collects in rivers and get in the way of fish
- blow into trees/beaches/tourist spots, not visually appealing
Nylon has the same linkages as…
Proteins
What is hydrolysis?
Process in which:
- proteins are broken down into amino acids
- fats are broken down to fatty acids + glycerol
- starch is broken down to glucose
Terylene has the same linkages as…
Fats
Fractions of petroleum, in order from lowest to highest boiling point:
- Petroleum gas
- Gasoline
- Naphtha
- Paraffin
- Diesel
- Lubricating oil
- Bitumen
