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Chemistry New > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Hydrocarbon

A

Compounds that only contain Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only

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2
Q

Define: Saturated

A

Contain maximum number of hydrogen for given number of carbon

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3
Q

Define: Unsaturated

A

The presence of the double bond mean they don’t have as many hydrogen

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4
Q

Formula for Alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

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5
Q

Formula for Alkene

A

Cn H2n

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

Similar structural and Chemical properties, due to similar bonding
General Formula

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7
Q

Alkane/Alkene physical trends

A

1,2,3,4 - Carbon - Gasses

5,6,7,8 - Carbon - Liquids

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8
Q

Alkane Combustion

A

Burn in oxygen

Enough they will give carbon dioxide and water

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9
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Not enough oxygen

Carbon monoxide/carbon (soot) produced instead of CO2

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10
Q

Why is CO poisonous?

A

Combines with haemoglobin instead of oxygen

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11
Q

Substitution reaction

A

Alkane is substituted by a different atom, like in the reaction with bromine

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12
Q

Test for C=C

A

Shake organic compound with bromine water and the orange water is decolourised. Same for gas, but bubble through the water

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13
Q

Alcohols

A

Contain a -OH group onto the carbon chain

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14
Q

Ethanol by Fermentation

A

Yeast is added to starch and left in warm (30-40*C)
Absence of air.
Enzymes convert sugar into ethanol and CO2

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15
Q

Ethanol by hydration of Ethene

A

Ethene is passed over steam with Phosphoric acid Catalyst

300*C, 60-70 atm. Unreacted material is recycled

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16
Q

Dehydration of ethanol to produce ethene

A

Ethanol is passed over hot aluminium catalyst

17
Q

Pros/Cons of Hydration of Ethene

A

Pros - Fast and continuous process, Makes pure ethanol

Cons - High amounts of energy, Non-Renewable

18
Q

Pros/Cons of Fermentation

A

Pros - Renewable, Doesn’t require much energy

Cons - Batch process is slow, Impure ethanol

19
Q

Crude Oil

A

Finite, Mixture of hydrocarbons

20
Q

Properties of Hydrocarbons

A

As chains increase: Boiling points increase
Liquids become less volatile
Liquids flow less easily
Bigger hydrocarbons burn less easily

21
Q

Separating Crude oil

A

Oil is passed into a fractionating column, cooler at top than bottom. Boils, quickly then condenses at certain point to be tapped off

22
Q

Crude oil column at top/at bottom

A

Top going down less volatile e.g refinery gasses most

Bottom going up less viscous e.g fuel oil

23
Q

The 6 fractions

A

Bitumen, Fuel Oil
Diesel Oil, Kerosine
Gasoline, Refinery Gasses

24
Q

Uses for Refinery gasses, Gasoline, Kerosine

A

Refinery Gasses - Domestic heating/cooking
Gasoline - Petrol
Kerosine - Aircraft fuel

25
Q

Uses for Diesel oil, Fuel oil, Bitumen

A

Diesel oil - Busses, Lorries, some cars
Fuel oil - Ships boilers/industrial heating
Bitumen - Road making

26
Q

Problems with fractions

A

Amounts depend on hydrocarbons

Unreactive make into reactive

27
Q

Cracking

A

Large hydrocarbons are converted into smaller ones, that have more demand

28
Q

How Cracking works

A

Fraction heated to give gas, then passed over silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide catalyst at 600-700*C. A mixture of single and double bonds could form.

29
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Double bond is broken and electrons are used to join neighbouring molecules

30
Q

Polymerisation

A

The joining up of monomers to make polymers

31
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When two monomers combine a small molecule is lost. The monomers retain their bonds.

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