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Advanced Higher Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What does an ether group look like?

A

R-O-R

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2
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

electrons split equally (half arrows and free radicals)

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3
Q

When does homolytic fission occur

A

between non-polar bonds

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4
Q

Why is homolytic fission bad?

A

products produced in low yeilds
products difficult to isolate

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5
Q

How does heterolytic fission work

A

electrons move to more EN atom and forms either a CARBOCATION (POSITIVE) OR CARONION (NEGATIVE

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5
Q

Define electrophiles

A

electron seekers

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5
Q

What does the addition of hydrogen produce in addition reactions

A

alkane

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5
Q

Define nucleophiles

A

electron rich

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6
Q

What does the addition of water produce in addition reactions

A

alcohol

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6
Q

What does the addition of hydro-halogen produce in addition reactions

A

haloalkane

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6
Q

What does the addition of halogens produce in addition reactions

A

dihaloalkane

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7
Q

What is markovnikov’s rule

A

when HX is added to double bond H adds onto the carbon that already has the most hydrogen atoms attatched

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8
Q

What can catalyse dehydration

A

concentrated sulfuric acid
concentrated phosphoric acid

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9
Q

What does dehydrohalogenation require

A

ethanolic NaOH

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10
Q

What is required for alkylation

A

AlCl3 catalyst

CH3Cl

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11
Q

What is required for bromination

A

AlBr3 Br2

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12
Q

What is required for nitration

A

concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4`

13
Q

What is required for sulfronation

A

concentrated H2SO4

14
Q

What turns a haloalkane into an alcohol

A

NaOH-
KOH-

15
Q

What turns a haloalkane into an ether

A

alkoxide

16
Q

What turns a haloalkane into an amine

A

NH3

17
Q

What turns a haloalkane into a nitrile

A

cyanide

18
Q

what turns a nitrile into a carboxylic acid

A

acidified hydrolysis

19
Q

What are 2 ways to make esters

A

react carboxylic acids with alcohol
react alcohols with acid chlorides

20
Q

How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acid chloride

A

use PCl3

21
Q

Why is using an acid chloride good

A

irreversable
faster
no catalyst required

22
Q

What is a primary amine

A

1 branch

23
Q

What is a secondary amine

A

2 branches

24
Q

What is a tertiary amine

A

3 branches

25
Q

how to name amines

A

prefix-branch-amine

26
Q

how to name ammonium salts (when amines react with acids)

A

branch of amine-ammonium-acid/ate

27
Q

How to make amides

A

react amines with carboxylic acids
(H from OH moves to amine and forms + and _ which condense to form amide and water)

28
Q

What is a common reducing agent

A

Lithium aluminium hydride
LiAlH4

29
Q

How to add hydrogen halides

A

arrow from double bond to hydrogen
arrow from hydrogen to halogen
forms positive and negative ions
negative halogen bonds

30
Q

How to add halogens

A

attack halogen from double bond
cage the positive charge and the other halogen attacks from the back

31
Q

How to add water

A

double bond attacks H ion
carbocation attacks lone e on water
O becomes positive so e moves onto hydrogen

32
Q

How to find K in rate order equation

A

rate / conc. A.B

33
Q

What is the mechanism of Sn1

A

electrons move to halogen
carbocation formed
negative ion attacks back of carbocation

34
Q

What is the mechanism for Sn2

A

E moves to halogen and negative ion attacks carbocation simultaneously
negative star complex formed
flipped product

35
Q

how to name ethers

A

no. of carbon O is attached to - branch - oxy - longest branch

Advanced Higher Chemistry (6 decks)

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