Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What does an ether group look like?
R-O-R
What is homolytic fission
electrons split equally (half arrows and free radicals)
When does homolytic fission occur
between non-polar bonds
Why is homolytic fission bad?
products produced in low yeilds
products difficult to isolate
How does heterolytic fission work
electrons move to more EN atom and forms either a CARBOCATION (POSITIVE) OR CARONION (NEGATIVE
Define electrophiles
electron seekers
What does the addition of hydrogen produce in addition reactions
alkane
Define nucleophiles
electron rich
What does the addition of water produce in addition reactions
alcohol
What does the addition of hydro-halogen produce in addition reactions
haloalkane
What does the addition of halogens produce in addition reactions
dihaloalkane
What is markovnikov’s rule
when HX is added to double bond H adds onto the carbon that already has the most hydrogen atoms attatched
What can catalyse dehydration
concentrated sulfuric acid
concentrated phosphoric acid
What does dehydrohalogenation require
ethanolic NaOH
What is required for alkylation
AlCl3 catalyst
CH3Cl
What is required for bromination
AlBr3 Br2
What is required for nitration
concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4`
What is required for sulfronation
concentrated H2SO4
What turns a haloalkane into an alcohol
NaOH-
KOH-
What turns a haloalkane into an ether
alkoxide
What turns a haloalkane into an amine
NH3
What turns a haloalkane into a nitrile
cyanide
what turns a nitrile into a carboxylic acid
acidified hydrolysis
What are 2 ways to make esters
react carboxylic acids with alcohol
react alcohols with acid chlorides
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acid chloride
use PCl3
Why is using an acid chloride good
irreversable
faster
no catalyst required
What is a primary amine
1 branch
What is a secondary amine
2 branches
What is a tertiary amine
3 branches
how to name amines
prefix-branch-amine
how to name ammonium salts (when amines react with acids)
branch of amine-ammonium-acid/ate
How to make amides
react amines with carboxylic acids
(H from OH moves to amine and forms + and _ which condense to form amide and water)
What is a common reducing agent
Lithium aluminium hydride
LiAlH4
How to add hydrogen halides
arrow from double bond to hydrogen
arrow from hydrogen to halogen
forms positive and negative ions
negative halogen bonds
How to add halogens
attack halogen from double bond
cage the positive charge and the other halogen attacks from the back
How to add water
double bond attacks H ion
carbocation attacks lone e on water
O becomes positive so e moves onto hydrogen
How to find K in rate order equation
rate / conc. A.B
What is the mechanism of Sn1
electrons move to halogen
carbocation formed
negative ion attacks back of carbocation
What is the mechanism for Sn2
E moves to halogen and negative ion attacks carbocation simultaneously
negative star complex formed
flipped product
how to name ethers
no. of carbon O is attached to - branch - oxy - longest branch
