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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The chemistry of compounds containing CARBON.

Carbon forms many different compounds:
- Fuels
- Alcohol
- Drugs
- Biological molecules

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • The simplest type of organic compound
  • Contains hydrogen and carbon ONLY
  • Obtained from CRUDE OIL which is NON-RENEWABLE
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3
Q

Organic compounds

A

Can contain the following elements:
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Phosphorus

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4
Q

Properties of Hydrocarbons

A

CARBON ALWAYS FORMS 4 COVALENT BONDS:
- It is found in group 14 and pairs its four outer electrons to obtain a full outer shell.

SATURATED:
- Hydrocarbons contain only SINGLE C-C bonds.

UNSATURATED:
- Hydrocarbons contain at least one DOUBLE C-C bond or a TRIPLE C-C bond.

ALICYCLIC:
- Hydrocarbons have CYCLIC structures ~ contain RINGS of carbon atoms.
- are not aromatic

ALIPHATIC:
- Hydrocarbons which are BRANCHED or
UNBRANCHED.
- CYCLIC hydrocarbons can also be aliphatic.

AROMATIC:
- Hydrocarbons which have at least one benzene ring in the structure.

  • BOTH aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons DO NOT contain BENZENE RINGS.
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5
Q

Alkanes

A

SATURATED hydrocarbons~ only contain single C-C bonds.

General formula ~ Cn H2n+2

Bond angle ~ 109.5 degrees

Functional group ~ C-C single bond ( It is usually this bond which breaks during chemical reactions)

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6
Q

Homologous Series

A

These are organic compounds which contain the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP and successive members differ by a -CH2 group.

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7
Q

Why do ALKANES form a homologous series?

A

SAME functional group :
- Single C-C bonds
- This leads to the members showing a SIMILAR CHEMICAL REACTIVITY.

Successive members differ by a -CH2 group:
- Leads to trends in PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- BP of alkanes increases down the homologous series as the number of electrons and size of temporary dipole increases.
- This causes the strength of LONDON forces to increase.
- Require more energy to overcome.

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8
Q

Organic compounds are named according to the number of C atoms in their longest chain.

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 -hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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9
Q

Steps to naming a BRANCHED alkane

A

Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms:
This gives the STEM name

Identify the number of carbon atoms in the SIDE-CHAIN:
This gives us the ALKYL group.

State the position of the alkyl group on the main chain:
Number from the end which produces the LOWEST possible number .

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10
Q

Alkyl group based on the number of carbon atoms on a branch

A

1 - methyl
2 - ethyl
3 - propyl
4 - butyl
5 - pentyl

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11
Q

Functional group

A

The part of an organic molecule which is responsible for its CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

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12
Q

Rules for naming compounds

A
  • Look for the longest chain of carbon atoms.
  • Find the main functional group ~ The following will take precedence over ALCOHOLS because the carbon has more bonds to oxygen:
  • Aldehydes
  • Ketones
  • Carboxylic acids
    The prefix becomes HYDROXY
  • Identify branches/ other functional groups
  • Number the carbon atoms so that functional groups are on the lowest possible carbon atoms.
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13
Q

Putting the name together

A
  • The name of the group has a number representing the carbon it is attached to.
  • The side chains and functional groups are listed ALPABETICALLY.
  • Two numbers written together are separated by a COMMA.
  • A number and name are separated by a HYPHEN.
  • When there is more than one of the SAME group we use ~ DI, TRI , TETRA
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14
Q

Empirical ,Molecular & general formula DEFINITIONS.

A

EMPIRICAL ~ the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

MOLECULAR ~ the actual number of each atoms of each element in a compound.

GENERAL ~ the simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series.

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15
Q

The GENERAL and MOLECULAR formula of the following homologous series:
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Cycloalkanes
- Alcohols
- Aldehydes
- Ketones
- Carboxylic acids

A

Alkanes:
GF ~ CnH2n+2
MF ~ CnH2n+2

Alkenes:
GF ~ CnH2n
MF ~ CnH2n

Alkynes :
GF ~ CnH2n-2
MF ~ CnH2n-2

Cycloalkanes:
GF ~ CnH2n
MF ~ CnH2n

Alcohols :
GF ~ CnH2n+1OH
MF ~ CnH2n+2O

Aldehydes:
GF ~CnH2nO
EF ~CnH2nO

Ketones:
GF ~ CnH2nO
MF ~ CnH2nO

Carboxylic acids :
GF ~ CnH2n+1COOH
MF ~ CnH2nO2

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16
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows how each atom is BONDED to other atoms in the molecule.

It also shows the RELATIVE POSITIONS of each atom.

The COVALENT BONDS are shown.

17
Q

Structural formula

A

This shows the ARRANGEMENT of atoms WITHOUT drawing the covalent bonds.

18
Q

Skeletal formula

A
  • The organic compound is shown as a ZIG ZAG
  • Each POINT represents a CH2
  • An END POINT represents a CH3
  • The FUNCTIONAL GROUP extends from the carbon in which it lies.
19
Q

Benzene

A
  • First isolated by MICHAEL FARADAY in 1825.

Analysis of benzene found that:
- EF was CH
- Molecular mass was 78
- Formula of C6H6

August Kekule suggested in 1865 that benzene was:
- Planar
- Cyclic
- Had alternating double bonds and single bonds.
( Cyclohexa - 1,3,5 - triene )

  • Benzene actually has DELOCALISED electrons above and below the plane of the carbon atoms .
  • They are represented by a CIRCLE inside the hexagon.
20
Q

Chemical Reaction

A
  • Involves the MOVEMENT of electrons.
  • When a chemical reaction takes place , bonds in the REACTANTS break and NEW bonds are formed in the PRODUCTS.
  • A chemical reaction begins when one species ATTACKS another compound.
  • The reaction begins with one of the THREE reactive attacking species:
  • Nucleophile
  • Electrophile
  • Radical
21
Q

How do we represent the movement of electrons?

A
  • We use CURLY ARROWS
  • The movement of PAIR of electrons is shown by a DOUBLE HEADED arrow drawn from a bond or a lone pair.
    ( HETEROLYTIC FISSION)
  • The movement of a SINGLE electron is represented by a SINGLE HEADED arrow.
    (HOMOLYTIC FISSION)
22
Q

HETERolytic Fission & HOMOlytic Fission

A

When a bond breaks and BOTH electrons go to ONE of the bonded atoms.

When a bond breaks and ONE electron goes to EACH atom.

23
Q

Radical

A

Species with an UNPAIRED ELECTRON.

  • Attack SINGLE and NON-POLAR bonds.
24
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair ACCEPTOR.

  • Has a positive charge or delta positive charge.
  • Attacks electron rich areas such as C=C double bonds.
25
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair DONOR.

  • Has a LONE PAIR or a NEGATIVE charge.
  • Attacks electron deficient areas such as positive or delta positive regions.
26
Q

THREE types of chemical reactions

A

ADDITION ~
- when two molecules react to form a single product.
- unsaturated molecule forms saturated molecule

SUBSTITUTION ~
- when an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
- 2 moles of reactant form 2 moles of product

ELIMINATION ~
- a reaction in which atoms of a singe molecule are removed from the organic molecule and not replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
- 1 mole of reactant is converted to 2 moles of product
- a saturated molecule forms an unsaturated molecule

27
Q

Structural Isomerism

A

Structural isomers are molecules with the SAME molecular formula but DIFFERENT structural formula.

Chemistry (24 decks)

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