Measuring enthalpy Flashcards

1
Q

A typical CALORIMETER ( A plastic cup made of polystyrene)

Reaction ~ Zinc added to CuSO4(aq)

A

SURROUNDINGS ~ Water in the CuSO4(aq)

SYSTEM ~ Reacting particles ~ Zn(s) and Cu2+(aq)

  • Heat is exchanged from the reacting particles and the solution.
  • The temperature change is measured using a THERMOMETER
  • HEAT changes are measured using a CALORIMETER
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2
Q

STEPS for calculating:
MOLAR ENTHALPY CHANGE OF REACTION

A
  1. Write EQUATION for the reaction
  2. Calculate HEAT TRANSFER of the :
    - surroundings
    - system
    heat lost from SYSTEM = heat gained by surroundings
    ( q surr = NEGATIVE q sys)
  3. Calculate the MOLES of the reagent that is NOT in excess.
  4. Find the MOLAR ENTHALPY CHANGE OF REACTION using equation:

Heat transferred from SYSTEM/ number of moles of reagent NOT in excess

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3
Q

HEAT TRANSFER equation

A

q = mc TRIANGLE T

q = heat transfer (J)

m = mass of solution (g)

c = specific heat capacity ( Jg-1K-1)

TRIANGLE T = change in temperature

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4
Q

ASSUMPTIONS made when calculating heat transfer

A
  • DENSITY of all solutions is 1gcm-3
    ( mass in grams = volume in cm3)
  • SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY of all solutions is the same as that of water ( c= 4.18Jg-1K-1)
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5
Q

Measuring Enthalpy changes taking place in a solution

A
  • As soon as the reactants are MIXED , HEAT is RELEASED
  • The maximum temperature reached is NOT the TRUE MAXIMUM
  • Heat has been LOST before the reading is taken

COOLING CURVE CORRECTION:

STRENGTH ~ allows the temperature to be read at times when it was not possible to take measurements

WEAKNESS ~ the exact maximum temperature may be unknown as it may be between two readings.

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6
Q

Calculating Molar enthalpy change of COMBUSTION

A
  • Calculate the heat transferred to the SURROUNDINGS
  • Calculate the heat transferred from the SYSTEM
  • Calculate MOLES of FUEL
  • Calculate the molar enthalpy change of COMBUSTION :

TRIANGLEcH = heat loss from system (J) / mole of fuel

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7
Q

Why is the EXPERIMENTAL enthalpy change of combustion is LESS EXOTHERMIC than the ACTUAL value from data book?

A

The apparatus using a SPIRIT BURNER leads to LESS heat transferred to the water than expected because:

HEAT LOSS TO THE SURROUNDINGS:
- Other than the water i.e the beaker, air around the flame and top of the water

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION:
- Of ethanol where CO and C are produced instead of CO2
- A black layer of SOOT would be produced on the beaker if carbon is being produced.

EVAPORATION:
- Of ethanol from the wick
- The spirit burner must be weighed as soon as possible after extinguishing the flame
- Or the wick is immediately covered with a CAP

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8
Q

Why is a BOMB CALORIMETER more accurate at measuring enthalpy change:

A

REDUCES HEAT LOSS to the surroundings because:

COMPLETE COMBUSTION:
- Fuel is burnt in pure oxygen

INSULATION:
- Insulating the water reduces heat loss to surroundings

USING A STIRRER:
- Allows heat to be distributed uniformly & quickly
- More accurate temperature readings can be taken

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9
Q

Standard enthalpy change of NEUTRALISATION

A

The enthalpy change when ONE MOLE OF WATER (l) is formed …

When an AQUEOUS ACID is NEUTRALISED…

With an AQUEOUS BASE…

Under STANDARD CONDITIONS (298K and 100 KPa)

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10
Q

VALUE for standard enthalpy change of neutralisation

A

-57.5 kJ mol-1

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11
Q

Which piece of APPARATUS is required to work out the enthalpy change of NEUTALISATION

A

CALORIMETER:

  • A plastic cup made of polystyrene
  • Heat is exchanged from the reacting particles and the solution
  • The temperature change is measured using a thermometer
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12
Q

How to CALCULATE the molar enthalpy change of NEUTRALISATION

A

1) Write an EQUATION for the reaction

2) Calculate the HEAT TRANSFER to the SURROUNDINGS

3) Calculate heat lost from SYSTEM ( qsurr = qsys)

4) Deduce the MOLES of WATER produced in the reaction

5) Calculate the molar enthalpy change of neutralisation using:

         q sys / moles of water
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