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Chemistry IGCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define organic (old and new definitions)

A

old - chemicals that come from living organisms

new - compounds based on carbon, with other elements such as H, O, N

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2
Q

Define homologous series

A

a group of chemicals with the same general formula, a pattern of physical properties and similar chemical properties

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3
Q

Define hydrocarbons

A

compounds consisting of only C + H atoms

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4
Q

Define alkanes

A

hydrocarbons with only single bonds

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5
Q

How do you name organic substances?

A

prefix (additional atoms)
root of word (noº of C atoms)
suffix (homologous series)

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6
Q

What do you call an alkane with 2 C atoms?

A

ethane

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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ ₊ ₂

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8
Q

Fill in the root of the word for each of the number of C atoms:

noº of C atoms

1 -
2-
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -

A

1 - meth
2- eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

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9
Q

Write the structural formula for butane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ or CH₃(CH₂)₂CH₃

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10
Q

What are the physical properties of alkanes?
What are the mpt, viscosity, volatility, and color like?

A
  • covalent discrete

mpt
- increases due to more IMFs

viscosity
- increrases due to more IMFs and larger molecules inter-twine

volatility
- decreases due to increasing bpt

color
- colorless → yellow → black

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11
Q

Define viscosity

A

resistance to liquid flow

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12
Q

Define volatility

A

ease of turning into a gas

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13
Q

To recap: What are the properties of covalent discretes?

A
  • low mpt
  • insulator
  • soluble in oils
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14
Q

★ New topic: Isomers ★

A

5 star this card

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15
Q

Define isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms (dif. structural formula)

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16
Q

Define prefix in the context of naming chemicals

A

any additional atoms not yet included

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17
Q

Trick to remember isomers:

A

cannot go through carbons in a line without lifting the pen

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18
Q

What are the rules to name isomers?

A

number where ‘extra’ atoms are - (number of extra Cs)(number of extra Cs in a row)(yl)(number of Cs in a row)(homolugous series)

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19
Q

What is the method for measuring the enthalpy change for metal + acid?

A

1) measure 10 cm³ of acid into caliometer
2) measure approximately x g (0.50 g) of metal
3) measure the initial temperature of the acid
4) add metal to acid, start timing
5) record temperature every 15 seconds until temp. starts to decrease (3 readings after it starts decreasing)

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20
Q

★ New topic: Reactions of Alkanes ★

A

5 star this card

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21
Q

Are alkanes usually reactive or unreactive?

A

unreactive

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22
Q

Why are alkanes generally unreactive?

A

because they only contain strong single covalent bonds (saturated)

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23
Q

In what forms can energy be provided to make alkanes react (Ea)?

A

1) heat
2) electricity
3) light

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of reaction that alkanes undergo?

A

1) substitution
2) combustion
3) decomposition

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25
Q

Give an example of substitution with ethane and chlorine

A

ethane + chlorine −U.V. light→ chloroethane + hydrogen-chloride

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26
Q

Alkane + halogen →

A

haloalkane + hydrogen halide

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27
Q

Methane + bromine →

A

bromomethane + hydrogenbromide

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28
Q

Multiple prefixes →

A

arrange alphabetically (ignoring di, tri, tetra, etc.)

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29
Q

Propane + fluorine

A

either 1- fluoropropane
or 2- fluoropropane

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30
Q

★ New topic: Combustion ★

A

5 star this card

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31
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

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32
Q

Pick the correct answer:

butane + oxygen → cardon dioxide + water
or
butane + oxygen → butoxide

A

butane + oxygen → cardon dioxide + water
OBVI

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33
Q

What are the 2 equations for incomplete combustion?

A

alkane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water
alkane + oxygen → carbon (soot) + water

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34
Q

How could you avoid incomplete combustion with carbon monoxide?

A

ventillation

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35
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

it replaces oxygen in haemoglobin

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36
Q

Why are the downsides to soot when doing incomplete combustion?

A

damages lungs and damages machinery

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37
Q

What does carbon look like?

A

black solid

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38
Q

★ New topic: Decomposition ★

A

5 star this card

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39
Q

What are the conditions needed for decomposition of alkanes?

A
  • heat to 300 ºC
  • catalyst of Al₂O₃ / SiO₂
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40
Q

What is the equation for decomposition in alkanes?

A

large alkane → smaller alkane + alkene

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41
Q

Complete the equation:

C₁₆H₃₄ −xxxxxx→

A

C₁₆H₃₄−heat + Al₂O₃ → C₉H₂₀ + C₇H₁₄

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42
Q

What is heptene used for? Why is it less useful?

A
  • to make plastic
  • less useful because it has low flamibility
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43
Q

★ New topic: Alkenes ★

A

5 star this card

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44
Q

Define alkene

A

hydrocarbons with at least one C ＝C double bond

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45
Q

Which alkene does not exist?

A

methene

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46
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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47
Q

Name the alkene:

C ＝ C − C
|
C

A

methylprop-1-ene

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48
Q

What are the properties of alkenes? (physical and chemical)

A

physical → same as alkanes (covalent bonds do not affect mpt - for discrete covalent. alkenes have slightly lower bpt due to smaller molecules)

chemical → alkenes contain a double bond

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49
Q

What is a double bond from an alkene like?

A

a single bond which is strong and unreactive and another weaker bond which breaks easily

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50
Q

Could one of the bonds in a double bond in alkenes break and leave the other?

A

yes

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51
Q

★ New topic: Reactions of alkenes ★

A

5 star this card

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52
Q

Define saturated

A

only has single bonds

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53
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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54
Q

What causes alkenes to be more reactive than alkanes?

A

alkenes have a double bond

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55
Q

What happens during an addition reaction with halogens in alkenes in terms of bonds?

A

double bond breaks, one halogen atom joins on either side of where the double bond was

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56
Q

Which reaction do alkenes undergo?

A

addition

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57
Q

What is the general formula for an addition reaction with halogens in alkenes? (use ethene)

A

C₂H₄ + X₂ → C₂H₄X₂

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58
Q

Name the chemical:
prop-1-ene + chlorine →

A

1,2 - dichloropropane

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59
Q

What are the differences between addition and substitution reactions? place stars next to the ones which use halogens

A

1)★ only one product with addition of halogens
2) no additional energy required for addition
3) ★addition forms a dihalo product, substitution forms monohalo product

60
Q

What chemicals can addition occur with?

A

1) hydrogen halides
2) water

61
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

62
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

react substance with Br₂ (aq) (bromine solution / bromine water)

63
Q

Alkene + water →

64
Q

What type of light should you not use when testing for alkenes?

A

U. V. light

65
Q

Alkane + Br₂ →
(no U.V. light)

A

no reaction

66
Q

Alkene + Br₂ →
(no U.V. light)

A

colorless dihaloalkane

67
Q

Do alkanes affect the color of bromine?

68
Q

What do alkenes do to bromine?

A

alkenes decolorise bromine

69
Q

★ New topic: Polymerisation ★

A

5 star this card

70
Q

What is another word for plastic?

71
Q

How does polymerisation occur?

A

through addition

72
Q

Through polymerisation:
ethene →

A

polyethene
important: it ends in ene but there are no double bonds

73
Q

What does a polymer look like when drawn?

74
Q

monomer →
propene →

A

polymer
polypropene

75
Q

What letter should a polymer look like when drawn?

76
Q

What are the physical properties of polymers?

A

1) low mpt (covalent discrete), weak IMFs but higher monomers due to large molecules

2) insulator, no charged ions

3) insoluble in water, soluble in oils

77
Q

What are the chemical properties of polymers?

A

1) unreactive (saturated)
2) combustion → releases CO₂ , releases non-metal oxides (acids)
3) substitution
4) disposed of in land-fill (because it’s unreactive). plastic escapes into lakes / rivers

78
Q

★ New topic: Manufacture of ethanol ★

A

5 star this card

79
Q

What’s the first method for the manufacture of ethanol?

A

direct hydration of ethene

80
Q

What are the conditions needed for ethene to react with water?

A

1) temperature at 600 ºC
2) concentrated catalyst
3) catalysts of: H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄

81
Q

What is the name of the reaction for direct hydration of ethene?

A

addition or hydration

82
Q

What is 100% ethanol used for?

A

disinfectant / solvent

83
Q

What are the advantages for direct hydration of ethene?

A

1) continuous process
2) product is pure (no separation needed)

84
Q

What are the disadvantages for direct hydration of ethene?

A

1) high energy demand
2) ethene comes from cracking
3) alkanes are non-renewable

85
Q

What’s the second method for the manufacture of ethanol?

A

fermentation of sugars

86
Q

What is the catalyst for fermentation of sugars?

87
Q

ethene + water →

88
Q

What is the equation for fermentation of sugars?

A

sugar −yeast→ ethanol + carbon dioxide

89
Q

Where do you get the sugar for fermentation of sugars?

90
Q

When doing fermentation of sugars, the ethanol is only 15% pure. Why?

A

1) fruit isn’t 100% sugar
2) ethanol will kill yeast, stopping the process
3) distillation can produce more concentrated ethanol

91
Q

What are the advantages for fermentation of sugars?

A

1) sugars & fruits provide flavour
2) renewable resources
3) low energy demand

92
Q

The ethanol produced during fermentation of sugars is usually used for…

A

drinking alcohols

93
Q

What are the disadvantages for fermentation of sugars?

A

1) batch process (slow)
2) product is a mixture, this mean the ethanol has to be separated

94
Q

★ New topic: Oxidation of Alcohols ★

A

5 star this card

95
Q

How is oxygen added to a reaction when doing oxidation of alcohols?

A

by using an oxydizing agent

96
Q

What are the 2 oxidizing agents that could be used during oxidation of alcohols?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄

97
Q

During a non-destructive oxidation of alcohols, an alcohol reacts to create…?

A

an aldehyde and carboxilic acid

98
Q

During a destructive oxidation of alcohols, an alcohol reacts to create…?

A

carbon dioxide + water

99
Q

What are the colors of K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇ - orange
KMnO₄ - purple

100
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acid?

101
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

102
Q

Define reflux (apparatus)

A

used to heat chemicals and prevent anything from escaping it. round - bottom flask with condenser

103
Q

What colors and charges do K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄ turn?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇ - orange Cr⁶⁺→ green Cr³⁺
KMnO₄ - purple Mn⁷⁺→ pink Mn⁶⁺

104
Q

Complete the equation for oxidation of alcohols:
alcohol→

A

alcohol → apples → vinegar

105
Q

Complete the equations:
acid + metal →
acid + base →
acid + metal carbonate →

A

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
acid + base → salt + water
acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

106
Q

Methanoic acid + sodium →

A

sodiummethanoate + hydrogen

107
Q

Methanoic acid + sodium → sodiummethanoate + hydrogen

Write a symbol equation for this reaction

A

2HCOOH + 2Na → 2HCOONa + H₂

108
Q

★ New topic: Esterification ★

A

5 star this card

109
Q

What is the general displayed formula of an ester?

A

O
||
R − C − O − R
first R - any group
second R - any group except H
.

110
Q

What is the equation for esterification?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

111
Q

Complete the sentence:
Esterification is an example of a _______________ reaction.

A

condensation

112
Q

Complete the equation:

methanol + ethanoic acid →

A

methylethanoate

113
Q

Complete the equation:

ethanol + butanoic acid →

A

ethylbutanoate

114
Q

What are esters used for?

A

food flavourings

115
Q

The rate of reaction for esterification is slow, what can be done to increase the rate of reaction?

A

1) add a catalyst (conc. H₂SO₄)
2) increase temp. (~70 ºC)
3) constant stirring (reactants are immiscible)

116
Q

Condensation polymerisation →

117
Q

What is the general formula for a polyester

118
Q

★ New topic: Reaction Rates (kinetics) ★

A

5 star this card

119
Q

A + B →

120
Q

Define reaction rate

A

number of moles of product formed per second

or

number of moles of reactant used per second

121
Q

What are the 4 methods for measuring the rate of a reaction?

A

1) mass change
2) volume of gas
3) solid disappearing
4) color change

122
Q

Give an example of a mass change experiment to measure a rate of a reaction

A

metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide

123
Q

Where does the gas go in a mass change experiment to measure a rate of a reaction?

A

the gas is used up / made

124
Q

In a mass change experiment to measure a rate of a reaction, why is cotton wool placed at the top of the conical flask?

A

to prevent liquid from leaving

125
Q

What is the rate of a reaction represented by on a graph?

A

the gradient

126
Q

Define tangent

A

straight line that has the same gradient as one point on a curve

127
Q

What is the x and y axis of a graph for a mass change experiment to measure a rate of a reaction?

A

x-axis = time (s)
y-axis = mass (g)

128
Q

Give an example for an experiment of volume of gas to measure the rate of a reaction

A

metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

129
Q

When measuring the volume of gas of hydrogen, does gas get produced initially?

130
Q

What is the apparatus used for measuring the volume of hydrogen produced from metal + acid?

A

trough
delivery tube
gas jar
conical flask

or

conical flask
delivery tube
gas syringe

131
Q

Give an example for an experiment to measure the rate of a reaction using solid disappearing

A

metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

132
Q

What should you measure for an experiment to measure the rate of a reaction using solid disappearing?

A

time until solid disappears

133
Q

Why is there not a graph for a solid disappearing reaction? Name a down side of this

A

because there would only be one point, therefore, we can only calculate the average rate

134
Q

What should you measure for an experiment to measure the rate of a reaction using color change?

A

time until color changes

135
Q

Give an example of a color change experiment to measure rate of reaction

A

iron (gray) + coppersulfate (blue) → iron(II)sulfate (green) + copper (orange)

135
Q

What is the biggest disadvantage for measuring rate of reaction using color change?

A

when the color changes, it’s subjective

136
Q

★ New topic: Crude Oil ★

A

5 star this card

137
Q

Define crude oil

A

a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (miscible, alkenes) that comes from the remains of sea-creatures which have reacted to form organic compounds.

138
Q

How do you separate crude oil?

A

fractional distillation

139
Q

What is the range for bpt in crude oil?

A

30 ºc - 70 ºc

140
Q

What are the names of the chemicals made in each column of fractional distillation of crude oil?

A

A) natural gas, refinery gas →used for cooking oil
B) gasoline, petrol → used as fuel for cars
C) naphtha → used for chemical feedstock
D) kerosene, paraffin → used as fuel for airplanes
E) diesel → used for fuel for bigger vehicles like trucks, lorries
F) fuel oil → used as fuel for boats / ships
G) lubricating oil → used for lubrication
H) bitumen → used for road surfacing

141
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation in crude oils

A

1) particles enter the column & most of them evaporate

2) some particles have a high bpt & remain liquids. these sink to the bottom of the column

3) as the particles rise through the column, they cool down and condense. the particles condense at different heights depending on their bpt.

4) fractions are collected as lliquids

142
Q

Where do the smaller molecules go during fractional distillation of crude oils? Why?

A

the particles go to the top of the column because they have a lower bpt

143
Q

Where do the larger molecules go during fractional distillation of crude oils? Why?

A

the particles go to the bottom of the column because they have a higher bpt

144
Q

What are the conditions of crude oil when it enters the column?

A

temp. at 300 ºc and high pressure

Chemistry IGCSE (15 decks)

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