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chemistry igcse > Metals > Flashcards

Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the bonding in metals

A

cations and delocalised electrons held together with electrostatic forces

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2
Q

Explain the structure in metals

A

lattice of cations surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons

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3
Q

Why is it easy to add a different metal atom to a metallic element?

A

same type of force, easy to replace because electrons are always moving which causes bonds to re-arrange

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4
Q

Define alloy

A

mixture containing at least one metal

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5
Q

What are the differences between compounds and mixtures?

A

Compounds:
- hard to separate
- fixed ration
- fixed mpt
- 2 elements bonded

Mixtures:
- easy to separate
- no fixed ration
- range of mpt depending on ratio
- 2 elements not bonded

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6
Q

Which properties of compounds and mixtures do alloys have?

A
  • easy to separate (m)
  • no fixed ratio (m)
  • 2 elements bonded (c)
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7
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

because ions can move without breaking metallic bonds

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8
Q

Which is more malleable, a pure metals or an alloy?

A

a pure metal

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9
Q

Why are pure metals more malleable than alloys?

A

In pure metals, layers slide over each other. In alloys, differently sized atoms/ions cannot as easily slide over each other because regular lattice is disrupted

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10
Q

How do metals react to form cations?

A

by losing electrons

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11
Q

What determines the reactivity of a metal?

A

how easily it loses an electron

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12
Q

Why does losing electrons require energy in metals?

A

because energy is required to break the electrostatic forces between outer electrons and nucleus

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13
Q

What are the 3 variables that affect force strength? Put them in order from most important to least important.

A

1) number of electrons being lost
2) distance between nucleus and outer electron (number of occupied energy levels)
3) number of protons in nucleus (atomic number)

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14
Q

metal + (cold) water →

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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15
Q

metal + (hot) steam →

A

metal oxide + hydrogen

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16
Q

Mg + H₂O (g)→
What color is the flame?

A

MgO + H₂
white flame

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17
Q

What color is ZnO when hot and when cold?

A

hot - yellow solid
cold - white solid

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18
Q

2Fe + 3H₂O (g)→
What color flame does it burn with?

A

Fe₂O₃ + 3H₂
orange / red

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19
Q

Which elements react with cold water?

A

K, Na, Li, Ca

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20
Q

Which elements react with hot water?

A

Mg, Zn, Fe

21
Q

Which elements do not react with water?

A

Cu, Ag, Au

22
Q

Zn + 2AgNO₃ → Zn(NO₃)₂ + 2Ag
What type of reaction is this? Why does the Zn switch places with the Ag?

A

displacement, Zn displaces Ag because Zn is more reactive.

23
Q

What are the observations of a displacement reaction?

A

1) solid color change
2) temp. increase (difference in reactivity determines magnitude of charge)
3) solution changes color

24
Q

Define extraction

A

obtaining a pure metal / element from a compound

25
Q

What do pure metals react with primarily?

A

O₂ and H₂O

26
Q

What is the reactivity series

A

K, Na, Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au

27
Q

All metals except ______ have been extracted using displacement

A

Fr (francium)

28
Q

Which metals are extracted using electrolysis?

A

K, Na, Li, Ca, Mg, Al

29
Q

Which metals are extracted using displacement with Carbon?

A

Zn, Fe

30
Q

Which metals are extracted using decomposition?

A

Cu, Ag

31
Q

Which metal doesn’t have to be extracted because it is so unreactive?

A

Au (gold)

32
Q

Why is displacement with carbon really useful?

A

1) abundant (common to find)
2) produces a gaseous oxide (easy to separate)

33
Q

What is electrolysis

A

another form of decomposition

34
Q

Can substances be insulators for electrolysis?

A

no

35
Q

Which is positive and which is negative in electrolysis?
cathode and anode

A

cathode is negative
anode is positive

36
Q

What is the liquid in electrolysis called?

A

electrolyte

37
Q

What is iron ore called?

A

haematite

38
Q

What is the overall reaction for the extraction of iron? (equation)

A

2Fe₂O₃(s) + 3C(s) → 3CO₂(g) + 4Fe(s)

39
Q

Why is the extraction of iron harmful for the environment?

A
  • climate change
  • acid rain
40
Q

What can acid rain damage?

A
  • trees
  • fish
  • limestone buildings
41
Q

What are the 3 reactions for the extraction of iron?

A

1st: C + O₂ → CO₂
2nd: CO₂ + C → 2CO (g) (toxic)
3rd: 3CO (g) + Fe₂O₃ (s) → 2Fe (l) + 3CO₂ (g)

42
Q

Why is the overall reaction for carbon not used?

A

because it is hard to react 2 solids

43
Q

Why is CO₂ first made when extracting iron?

A

because the heat speeds up later reactions

44
Q

Name 2 uses of pure iron (freezed in mold)

A
  • trains
  • bridges
  • (guns)
45
Q

What will happen if Fe is contaminated with SiO₂ during the extraction of iron?

A

it will become brittle

46
Q

What has to happen before extracting iron?

A

removing impurities

47
Q

How is CaSiO₃ made?

A

CaCO₃ -decomposition→ CaO + CO₂

CaO + SiO₂ -neutralisation→ CaSiO₃

48
Q

What is CaSiO₃ used for?

A

road surfaces

49
Q

What does CaSiO₃ prevent in iron extraction?

A

prevents O₂ reaching iron

chemistry igcse (10 decks)

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