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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a general formula show you

A

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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2
Q

what does an empirical formula show you

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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3
Q

what does a molecular formula show you

A

actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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4
Q

what does a displayed formula show you

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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5
Q

what does the structural formula show you

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with attached hydrogens and functional groups

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6
Q

by which formula can a group of compounds be represented

A

by the same general formula

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7
Q

what do molecules in a homologous series have the same of

A

the same functional group

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8
Q

what is a functional group

A

a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

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9
Q

what is an isomer

A

two molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently (meaning the structural formulas are different)

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10
Q

how are isomers simlar but different

A

they have similar chemical properties but different physical properties

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11
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols

A

‘-OH’

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12
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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13
Q

when a substance is oxidised, what is gained

A

oxygen

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14
Q

what forms when an alcohol is oxidised

A

carboxylic acids

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15
Q

what is an example of an oxidising agent

A

potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid

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16
Q

what does microbial oxidation form

A

carboxylic acids from alcohols

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17
Q

what do some microorganisms use alcohols as

A

as an energy source (using oxygen in the air to oxidise alcohols)

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18
Q

what does the oxidation of ethanol produce

A

ethanoic acid

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19
Q

what happens when alcohols are burnt in enough oxygen

A

they undergo complete combustion

20
Q

what are the products of complete combustion

A

water and carbon dioxide

21
Q

how can ethanol be produced

A

from ethene and steam

22
Q

what does ethene react with to make ethanol

A

steam

23
Q

what kind of reaction is ethene + steam

A

addition reaction because water is added (via the steam)

24
Q

what are the conditions needed to make ethanol

A

-300 degrees
-60-70 atmospheres
-catalyst (phosphoric acid)

25
Q

is crude oil renewable or un-renewable

A

unrenewable

26
Q

what does the process of fermentation produce

A

ethanol

27
Q

what is fermentation

A

converting a sugar (glucose) into ethanol using yeast

28
Q

what are the conditions needed for fermentation

A

-30 degrees
-anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

29
Q

what happens if the temperature during fermentation is too hot

A

the enzymes in the yeast denature, causing the reaction to stop

30
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-‘COOH’

31
Q

what do carboxylic acids form when reacted with

A

salts

32
Q

what forms when carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates

A

salt, water and carbon dioxides

33
Q

what forms when aqueous carboxylic acids react with metals

A

salt and hydrogen

34
Q

name a use of carboxylic acids

A

preparation of esters

35
Q

how can esters be formed from carboxylic acids

A

when carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst

36
Q

how is ethanoic acid formed

A

by oxidising ethanol

37
Q

how can vinegar be made

A

by dissolving ethanoic acid in water

38
Q

what is the functional group of esters

A

-‘COO’-

39
Q

how are esters formed

A

from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

40
Q

what do esters smell like

A

quite sweet and fruity

41
Q

esters are also volatile, what does this mean

A

it means that they evaporate (turn into gases) easily

42
Q

name some uses of esters

A

perfumes and food flavourings

43
Q

how can polymers be made

A

by condensation polymerisation

44
Q

what is a polyester

A

condensation polymers

45
Q

how do polyesters form

A

when two monomers react together

46
Q

some polyesters are biodegradable, what does this mean

A

this means that they decompose

chemistry (6 decks)

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