organic chemistry

Question 1

what does a general formula show you

Answer 1

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

Question 2

what does an empirical formula show you

Answer 2

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 3

what does a molecular formula show you

Answer 3

actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 4

what does a displayed formula show you

Answer 4

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

Question 5

what does the structural formula show you

Answer 5

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with attached hydrogens and functional groups

Question 6

by which formula can a group of compounds be represented

Answer 6

by the same general formula

Question 7

what do molecules in a homologous series have the same of

Answer 7

the same functional group

Question 8

what is a functional group

Answer 8

a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

Question 9

what is an isomer

Answer 9

two molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently (meaning the structural formulas are different)

Question 10

how are isomers simlar but different

Answer 10

they have similar chemical properties but different physical properties

Question 11

what is the functional group of alcohols

Answer 11

‘-OH’

Question 12

what is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 12

CnH2n+1OH

Question 13

when a substance is oxidised, what is gained

Answer 13

oxygen

Question 14

what forms when an alcohol is oxidised

Answer 14

carboxylic acids

Question 15

what is an example of an oxidising agent

Answer 15

potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid

Question 16

what does microbial oxidation form

Answer 16

carboxylic acids from alcohols

Question 17

what do some microorganisms use alcohols as

Answer 17

as an energy source (using oxygen in the air to oxidise alcohols)

Question 18

what does the oxidation of ethanol produce

Answer 18

ethanoic acid

Question 19

what happens when alcohols are burnt in enough oxygen

Answer 19

they undergo complete combustion

Question 20

what are the products of complete combustion

Answer 20

water and carbon dioxide

Question 21

how can ethanol be produced

Answer 21

from ethene and steam

Question 22

what does ethene react with to make ethanol

Answer 22

steam

Question 23

what kind of reaction is ethene + steam

Answer 23

addition reaction because water is added (via the steam)

Question 24

what are the conditions needed to make ethanol

Answer 24

-300 degrees
-60-70 atmospheres
-catalyst (phosphoric acid)

Question 25

is crude oil renewable or un-renewable

Answer 25

unrenewable

Question 26

what does the process of fermentation produce

Answer 26

ethanol

Question 27

what is fermentation

Answer 27

converting a sugar (glucose) into ethanol using yeast

Question 28

what are the conditions needed for fermentation

Answer 28

-30 degrees -anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

Question 29

what happens if the temperature during fermentation is too hot

Answer 29

the enzymes in the yeast denature, causing the reaction to stop

Question 30

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

Answer 30

-'COOH'

Question 31

what do carboxylic acids form when reacted with

Answer 31

salts

Question 32

what forms when carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates

Answer 32

salt, water and carbon dioxides

Question 33

what forms when aqueous carboxylic acids react with metals

Answer 33

salt and hydrogen

Question 34

name a use of carboxylic acids

Answer 34

preparation of esters

Question 35

how can esters be formed from carboxylic acids

Answer 35

when carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst

Question 36

how is ethanoic acid formed

Answer 36

by oxidising ethanol

Question 37

how can vinegar be made

Answer 37

by dissolving ethanoic acid in water

Question 38

what is the functional group of esters

Answer 38

-'COO'-

Question 39

how are esters formed

Answer 39

from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

Question 40

what do esters smell like

Answer 40

quite sweet and fruity

Question 41

esters are also volatile, what does this mean

Answer 41

it means that they evaporate (turn into gases) easily

Question 42

name some uses of esters

Answer 42

perfumes and food flavourings

Question 43

how can polymers be made

Answer 43

by condensation polymerisation

Question 44

what is a polyester

Answer 44

condensation polymers

Question 45

how do polyesters form

Answer 45

when two monomers react together

Question 46

some polyesters are biodegradable, what does this mean

Answer 46

this means that they decompose