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EDEXCEL AS Chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

Cn H2n+2

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2
Q

Alkenes general formula

A

Cn H2n

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3
Q

Alcohols general formula

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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4
Q

Molecular formula e.g

A

C4H10

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5
Q

Structural formula e.g

A

CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

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6
Q

Homologous series is…

A

A group of compounds have the same functional group and general formula

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7
Q

Polymerisation is…

A

a chemical reaction joining monomers in long chains to form a polymer.

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8
Q

Hydrolysis is…

A

Splitting a molecule using water

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9
Q

Reduction is…

A

When a species gains electrons in a reaction.

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10
Q

Oxidation is…

A

When a species loses electrons.

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11
Q

Structural isomers are…

A

Same molecular formula, but a different structural formula. There’s 3 types, chain, positional, functional groups.

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12
Q

Chain isomers have…

A

The same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.

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13
Q

Positional isomers

A

same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton

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14
Q

functional group isomers…

A

same molecular formula but a different functional group.

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15
Q

as chain length increases…

A

boiling point increases

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16
Q

reactivity of homologous series?

A

all members follow a general formula, and react in a very similar way

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17
Q

isomers are…

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule

18
Q

structural isomers have the same molecular formula but…

A

a different structural arrangement of atoms
- they can be straight chains or branched chains but will have the same molecular formula

19
Q

E-Z isomerism is where…

A

limited rotation around a double carbon bond means that functional groups can either be together or apart

20
Q

E isomer

A

opposite sides

21
Q

Z isomer

A

same side

22
Q

cis isomer

A

same side

23
Q

trans isomer

A

different sides

24
Q

crude oil is…

A

a mixture of different hydrocarbons

25
Q

how can crude oil be separated?

A

by fractional distillation
- the different chain lengths of molecules result in them having different boiling points

26
Q

the way crude oil is separated…

A

1- the mixture is vaporised and fed into the fractioning column

2- vapours rise, cool and condense

3- products are siphoned off for different uses

27
Q

what is cracking?

A

breaking down longer carbon chains to form smaller, more useful compounds

28
Q

alkanes undergo complete combustion to form…

A

CO2 & H20

29
Q

alkanes undergo incomplete combustion to form

A

CO, H20

30
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic/dangerous?

A

dangerous as its odourless and colourless

toxic as replaces oxygen in the blood, starving the brain/other organs of oxygen, causing suffocation

31
Q

what results in acid rain?

A

in clouds, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur can react with water and form dilute acids which results in acid rain

32
Q

how does a catalytic converter work?

A

it works by using a rhodium catalyst to convert harmful products into more stable products such as CO2 or H2O

33
Q

unsaturated

A

1 or more double carbon=carbon bond

34
Q

cycloalkanes general formula?

A

CnH2n

35
Q

why is the C=C bond susceptible to attack from electrophiles?

A

as the C=C bond is an area of high electron density

36
Q

what test identifies alkenes and other unsaturated compounds?

A

bromine water
- orange to colourless= double C=C bond present

37
Q

nucleophiles are…

A

positive liking
they contain a lone pair thats attracted to + regions of molecules
electron pair donators

38
Q

free radicals are…

A

highly reactive, neutral species

39
Q

electrophiles are…

A

electron pair acceptors

40
Q

what’s the most stable carbocation?

A

a tertiary carbocation.

EDEXCEL AS Chemistry (13 decks)

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