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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic molecules

A

Molecules that contain carbon hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

What is catenation

A

The self linking of an atom to create chains and rings

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3
Q

Are most organic compounds polar or non polar

A

Non polar

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4
Q

Define boiling point

A

The temperature at which the vapour pressure or a substance equals atmospheric pressure

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5
Q

Define melting point

A

The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium

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6
Q

Define vapour pressure

A

The pressure exerted onto a solid or liquid by molecules of that compound in a gaseous phase

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7
Q

Define flashpoint

A

The lowest temperature at which it is likely that a substance will be in the gaseous phase

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8
Q

Define flammability

A

A measure of how easy it is for a substance to ignite

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9
Q

What is molecular formula

A

A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each molecule

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10
Q

What is structural formula

A

A formula which shows which atoms are attached to which within a molecule

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11
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula

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12
Q

What is a saturated compound

A

Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between Carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains

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13
Q

What are unsaturated compounds

A

Compunds with multiple bonds between the Carbon atoms

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14
Q

What is a functional group

A

A bond of atoms that determine the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds

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15
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

What is a chain isomer

A

A chain isomer is a type of structural isomer where compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the carbon chain.

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17
Q

Positional isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different positions of the functional groups or substituents

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18
Q

What is a functional isomer

A

Same molecular formula different functional groups

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19
Q

What happens during hydrohalogenation

A

A halogen halide (HX) is added to an alkene

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20
Q

What happens during halogenation

A

A halogen reacts with a compound

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21
Q

What is hydration?

A

Water is added ( addition reaction) to a compound

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22
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

Hydrogen is added ( addition reaction) to an alkene

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23
Q

What happens during dehydrohalogenation?

A

Hydrogen and a Halogen are eliminated from a haloalkane

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24
Q

What is dehydration?

A

The elimination of water ( usually from an alcohol)

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25
What is cracking?
The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to more useful molecules
26
What is hydrolysis ?
It is the chemical break down of a compound with water
27
What is a polymer
A large molecule that consists of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to one another in a repeating pattern
28
What is a monomer
Small organic molecules that can be covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern
29
What is polymerisation ?
A chemical reaction in which monomer molecules form a polymer
30
What is the general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
31
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
32
What is the general formula for alkynes
CnH2n-2
33
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
34
What is the general formula for aldehydes and ketones?
CnH2nO
35
What is the general formula for Carboxylic acids and esters
CnH2nO2
36
Rank London dispersion forces from weakest to strongest
Induced dipole force Dipole - induced- dipole force Dipole - dipole force Hydrogen bond
37
Why are hydrogen bonds strong ?
When a hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom ( eg. oxygen) it creates an electronegativity difference, resulting in a strong force of attraction that is permanent unlike other dipole forces
38
What is viscosity?
It is a measure of how much a liquid resist flowing. The higher the viscosity, the more internal friction a substance has. Substances with high viscosity have greater intermolecular forces
39
What is density? What are its properties?
Density is the measure of mass per unit volume. Solids are the most dense and have the strongest intermolecular forces
40
What are the properties of a substance with weak IMF ?
It has low melting and boiling points because less energy is required to overcome the imf forces
41
What are the properties of a low flash point?
Molecules with a low flash point have a higher vapour pressure and are more flammable
42
What are the properties of a compound with a low vapour pressure?
The compound has strong IMF and melting and boiling points increase as a result
43
What has the strongest intermolecular forces?
Carboxylic acids due to the fact that hydrogen bonding occurs more effectively
44
Rank the functional groups from weakest IMF to strongest IMF
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Haloalkanes Esters Ketones Aldehydes Alcohols Carboxylic acids
45
What is the influence of chain length on the properties of a compound
As the the chain length increases the number of sites where IMF are increases therefore the longer the chain, the stronger the IMF.
46
How does the mass of the molecule impact the IMF of the molecule ?
The greater the molecular mass mass the more energy will be needed to move the molecules away from each other to break the IMF
47
Why do straight chains have stronger IMFs ?
Molecules with straight chains have stronger IMFs because they have a greater surface area over which the IMFs can act
48
Why do molecules with straight chains have stronger IMFs?
Because they have a greater surface area upon which the IMFs can act
49
What are the properties of solids
They have the strongest IMFs and a fixed shape Alkanes with 18+ carbons and alkenes with 15+ carbons are solids at stp
50
What are the properties of solids
They have the strongest IMFs and a fixed shape Alkanes with 18+ carbons and alkenes with 15+ carbons are solids at stp
51
What are the properties of liquids
They have weaker intermolecular forces Alkanes with 5- 17 carbons and Alkenes with 5- 15 carbons are liquid at stp
52
What are the properties of Gases?
They have the weakest intermolecular forces. Alkanes with 1- 4 carbons and Alkenes with 2- 4 carbons are gases at stp
53
What takes place under a oxidation reaction?
Excess O2 gas reacts with an alkane and combusts O2 + alkane --> CO2 g + H20 g + energy This reaction is exothermic
54
What takes place under a substitution reaction?
A saturated compound reacts and an atom bonded to a carbon is substituted These reactions are slow and non spontaneous
55
What are the reactions that are substitution reactions
Halogenation and hydrolysis
56
What reactions are considered substitution reactions
Halogenation and hydrolysis
57
What happens during an addition reaction?
Atoms attach to the double or triple bond of an unsaturated compound, breaking the bond in the process This is usually spontaneous
58
What reactions are considered addition reactions
Hydrogenation: requires a catalyst ( pt,pd, Ni) Halogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration: requires concentrate sulfuric acid
59
What is an elimination reaction?
Occurs when two atoms from adjecent carbon atoms in a saturated compound are removed to form two compounds This reaction is endothermic
60
What reactions are considered elimination reactions?
Cracking : catalyst (pt) + heat Dehydrogenation: catalyst (pt) + heat Dehydrohalogenation: concentrated base (NaOH) + heat Dehydration: concentrated H2SO4 + heat

Chemistry (7 decks)

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