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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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2
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated

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3
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated

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4
Q

What happens to the boiling point as fractions get larger?

A

Boiling point increases (volitility decreases)

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5
Q

What happens to the flammability as fractions get larger?

A

Flammability decreases

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6
Q

What happens to the flame as fractions get larger?

A

It becomes smokier

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7
Q

What happens to the viscosity as fractions get larger?

A

Viscosity increases

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8
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A

Fractional distilation.

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A
  • Catalytic cracking
  • Steam cracking
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10
Q

What is produced by cracking?

A

Shorter chain alkanes and alkenes

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11
Q

What is a double bond?

A

Where 2 pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.

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12
Q

What type of reaction is used in cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction.

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13
Q

What is the test for water?

A

Cobalt chloride paper
Turns from blue to pink.

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14
Q

What is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Bromine water
Turns from orange to colourles.

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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16
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Reacting a double bond with a hydrogen molecule.

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17
Q

What is hydration?

A

Reacting a double bond with a water molecule.

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18
Q

What are the 2 methods of producing alcohols?

A
  • Hydration of an alkene with steam
  • Fermentation of sugar by yeast
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19
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

20
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

21
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A
  • Fuels
  • Solvents
  • Disinfectants
  • Drinks
22
Q

What happens when an alcohol is put into water?

A

It dissolves, so 5cm³ of water + 3cm³ of ethanol = <8cm³ of mixture

23
Q

How do alcohols react with sodium?

A
  • Bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced.
  • Reaction is less vigorous than water + sodium
24
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed?

A

Oxidation of an alcohol

25
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

26
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids?

A

Weak acids.

27
Q

When carboxylic acids ionise in solution, which hydrogen atom dissociates?

A

The hydrogen atom in the functional group.

28
Q

What are the products when carboxylic acids react with a metal carbonate?

A

Ethanoate salt + water + carbon dioxide

29
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-
(found in the middle of molecules)

30
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

31
Q

What type of reaction forms an ester, and what catalyst is used?

A
  • A condensation reaction. The other product is water.
  • An acid catalyst is used
32
Q

What are the uses of esters?

A
  • Flavoring
  • Perfumes
33
Q

What are the propertys of esters?

A
  • Volatile
  • Characteristic smell
34
Q

What ester is formed in the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol?

A

Ethyl ethanoate.

35
Q

What type of bonding is in polymers?

A

Covalent

36
Q

What type of monomers are involved in addition polymerisation?

A

Unsaturated monomers.

37
Q

What type of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomers with functional groups at both ends.

38
Q

What are sugar monomers called?

A

Monosaccharides

39
Q

What are sugar polymers called?

A

Polysaccharides

40
Q

What type of reaction forms starch and cellulose?

A

Condensation polymerisation.

41
Q

What is starch used for in plants?

A

As a storage molecule.

42
Q

What is cellulose used for in plants?

A

As a structural molecule (cell walls).

43
Q

Amino acids have two functional groups, one basic, and one acidic, what are they?

A

Basic: amino group
Acidic: carboxylic group

44
Q

What is an amino group?

A

NH₂

45
Q

What is formed when amino acids join together?

A

A polypeptide is formed. Very large polypeptides make a protein.

46
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

A peptide link.

47
Q

What hold the two strand of DNA together?

A

Intermolecular forces.

Chemistry (10 decks)

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