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Chemistry > Chemical Changes > Flashcards

Chemical Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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2
Q

What is the formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO₃

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3
Q

What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H₂SO₄

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4
Q

What makes an acid strong?

A

Fully ionising in a solution.

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5
Q

What is the main laboratory base?

A

Sodium hydroxide

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6
Q

What does caustic mean?

A

Can burn skin and damage materials

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7
Q

What are alkalis

A

Soluable bases

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8
Q

What is the general equation for neutralisation?

A

Acid + base ➝ salt and water

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9
Q

What does pH mesure?

A

The number of H⁺ ions in a solution

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10
Q

How much does the concentration of H⁺ ions need to be reduced to change pH by 1 unit?

A

Decreased by a factor of 10.

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11
Q

What is oxidation

A
  • Gaining oxygen
  • Loosing electrons
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12
Q

What is reduction?

A
  • Loosing oxygen
  • Gaining electrons
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13
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

Where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive one in a compound.

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14
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock with enough metal compound in it to make it worth extracting

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15
Q

How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted from their ores?

A

Reduction with carbon.
This forms the metal and carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

Acid + base ➝ ______ + ______

A

salt + water

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17
Q

Acid + metal ➝ ______ + ______

A

salt + hydrogen

18
Q

Acid + metal oxide ➝ ______ + ______

A

salt + water

19
Q

Acid + metal carbonate ➝ ______ + ______ + _____

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

20
Q

What chemicals can be separated using electrolysis?

A

Ionic compounds

21
Q

What is the cathode?

A

The negative electrode

22
Q

What is the anode?

A

The positive electrode

23
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positive ion which moves to the cathode.

24
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negative ion which move to the anode.

25
Q

What is the electrolyte?

A

An ionic substance, which is ether molten or in a solution.

26
Q

What is aluminium ore called?

A

Bauxite.

27
Q

What is the chemical formula for aluminium ore?

A

Al₂O₃

28
Q

What is put into the solution with aluminium ore for electrolysis, and why?

A

Molten cryolite.
This reduces the melting point to save energy and money.

29
Q

What is cryolite?

A

An aluminium based compound.

30
Q

Why do the anodes need to be replaced regularly in the extraction of aluminium ore?

A

They are made from graphite, so the oxygen produced reacts with the carbon in the anodes.

31
Q

What is the rule for the products at the cathode for aqueous solutions?

A

Hydrogen is produced unless the metal is less reactive than hydrogen.

32
Q

What is the rule for the products at the anode for aqueous solutions?

A

Oxygen is formed unless there is a halide ion.

33
Q

How is an electrochemical cell made?

A

Connecting two different metals in contact with an electrolyte, the reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte generates electricity?

34
Q

Is the reaction between the electrodes and electrolyte in a cell exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic.

35
Q

Which metal acts as the anode in a cell?

A

The metal that is more reeactie.

36
Q

How does the types of metals effect the voltage generated in a cell?

A

The bigger the difference in their reactivity
the greater the voltage produced.

37
Q

What happen if the same metal is used for both electrodes in a chemical cell?

A

0 volts are produced, as their reactivity is the same.

38
Q

What 3 factors effect the voltage generated by a battery?

A
  • Type of metals used
  • Type of electrolyte
  • How many cells are joined together
39
Q

What is a battery?

A

Many cells joined together.

40
Q

How are batterys recharged?

A

Recharging a battery reverses the reaction so it can be used again.

41
Q

What is a fuel cell?

A

An electrical cell which uses fuel (hydrogen) and oxygen to release energy in a reaction
which is transferred to electrical energy.

42
Q

How is hydrogen stored?

A

In pressurised containers.

Chemistry (10 decks)

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