Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous series

A

Compounds that have a similar chemical structure and chemical properties

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2
Q

Organic compounds

A

Compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus or oxygen atoms

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3
Q

Functional group

A

Specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound.

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4
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated molecules - all carbons to carbon single bonds

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5
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated molecules - contains at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond

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6
Q

Alkane General Formula

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

Alkene General Formula

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

Haloalkane General Formula

A

CnH2n+1 X

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9
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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10
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, calledfractions.

A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture.
The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.

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11
Q

Why do the longer hydrocarbon chains take more heat energy to change state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas?

A

The longer the chain, the stronger the dispersion forces there are between the molecules thus requiring more energy to break.

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12
Q

Viscosity

A

Viscosityis a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

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13
Q

When the hydrocarbon goes through a state change of liquid to gas, which bonds are broke?

A

Weak intermolecular forces (dispersion) are broken when the hydrocarbon reaches its boiling point and transitions from liquid to a gas. The covalent bonds between the atoms do not beak. This would required a higher amount of energy.

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14
Q

Difference in boiling point of small and larger hydrocarbons

A

Smaller the molecule the lower the boiling point because there are lesson intermolecular forces between the molecules.

And therefore, less energy required to break them.

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15
Q

Cracking

A

Large hydrocarbon molecules can be broken down into smaller molecules using a catalyst.

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16
Q

Cracking Method

A

The hydrocarbon molecules are heated until they turn into vapour, and then mixed with a catalyst.

17
Q

Combustion (complete and incomplete)

A

Complete combustion hydrocarbon is burned in excess oxygen
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Incomplete combustion hydrocarbon is burned in limited oxygen
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water or
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon + water

18
Q

Substitution reaction (with drawn example)

A

Oneatomis swapped with another atom.
Alkanesundergo asubstitution reactionwithhalogensin the presence of light.

19
Q

Addition reaction (with halides, including conditions)

A

Double bond breaks and addition atoms are added.

20
Q

Bromine water test (including equation, including conditions)

A

(type of addition reaction). A test to determine whether a solution contains alkanes or alkenes.
There is no change when bromine water is mixed with an alkane.
The bromine water goes from orange to colourless when it is mixed with an alkene.

21
Q

Hydrogenation (addition reaction with H2, including conditions)

A

Alkene + hydrogen (150degreesC and Ni catalyst)→ alkane

22
Q

Hydration (addition reaction with H2O, including conditions)

A

Alkene + water (steam) (catalyst + 300degrees C) → alcohol

23
Q

Ethanol production (including advantages and disadvantages) Fermentation of glucose

A

Fermentation of glucose:
C6H12O6 (yeast catalyst) → C2H5OH + CO2
Advantages: Simple method and Uses renewable resources
Disadvantages: Not a continuous process, slow reaction and produces low purity ethanol

24
Q

Ethanol production (including advantages and disadvantages) Hydration

A

Ethene + steam
C2H4 + H2O (g) → C2H5OH
Advantages: Small-scale equipment, continuous process, reaction is fast and produces high purity ethanol
Disadvantages: Uses non-renewable resources

25
Q

Alcohol Homologous Series

A

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group are called alcohols

26
Q

Carboxylic acid name ends in …

A

Name ends in -oic acid

27
Q

Alkyl Halides

A

Organic compounds containing halogens are called alkyl halides (group 7 elements)

28
Q

Polymerisation

A

The formation of a large molecule (polymer) from many monomer subunits.

29
Q

Monomers

A

Monomer: small molecules that can join to form a polymer

30
Q

Polymers

A

Polymer: large molecules built up from small units (monomers)