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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil made out of?

A

crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds which are hydrocarbons

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2
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2+n

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3
Q

why are hydrocarbons burnt?

A

so they can be used as fuel since the reaction releases energy

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4
Q

what does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons produce

A

carbon dioxide and water

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5
Q

what are the properties of shorter hydrocarbons?

A
  • less viscous
  • lower boiling point
  • more flammable
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6
Q

how are heavy fuel oils turned into smaller hydrocarbon molecules?

A

by cracking using a high temperature and steam

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7
Q

explain how fractions are obtained by crude oil in fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil is heated to vaporise the hydrocarbons
  • there is a temperature gradient in the fractionating column
  • so the gases condense at different levels
  • because of their different boiling points

longer chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom as its hotter and they have a higher boiling point, and shorter chain hydrocarbons condense further up as its cooler and they have lower boiling points

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8
Q

what can the fractions from crude oil produce

A

feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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9
Q

what are two useful materials produced from this feedstock for the petrochemical industry?

A

detergents, solvents, lubricants, and polymers

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9
Q

what are some of the products of cracking used as and why

A

some of the products of cracking are useful as fuels because there is a high demand for fuels with small molecules

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9
Q

what does the petrol from crude oil contain and why is it removed before petrol is burned in car engines?

A

the petrol contains sulfur impurities and when burned the sulfur impurities produces sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain

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9
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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9
Q

what bonds do alkenes have

A

a double carbon-carbon bond

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9
Q

what is more reactive alkanes or alkenes

A

alkenes

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9
Q

what are the products of cracking?

A

alkanes and alkenes

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9
Q

what is the test for alkenes (to distinguish from alkanes)

A

react with bromine water and turn it from orange to colourless (as they are more reactive than alkanes)

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10
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane but the same number of carbon atoms

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11
Q

why can alkenes undergo addition reactions?

A

because the C=C double bond can open up which allows the two carbons to bond to atoms of another molecule

12
Q

what is the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

an alkane

13
Q

what is the reaction of alkenes with water?

A

(catalyst and high temperature)
H and OH bond with each carbon atom an since there is OH group an alcohol is formed

14
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols and what is their structural formula?

A

OH
CH3OH (methanol)

15
Q

what are the reactions of alcohols when they react with sodium, burn in air, are added to water, react with an oxidising agent?

A
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen and a salt
  • they burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • when added to water they dissolve to form a neutral solution with PH 7
  • they react with an oxidising agent to produce a carboxylic acid and water
16
Q

what are the main uses of methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol?

A
  • methanol = chemical feedstock, in antifreeze, and to make biodiesel
  • ethanol = main alcohol in alcoholic drinks, used as a solvent and fuel
  • methanol, ethanol, propanol,and butanol can be used as fuels
17
Q

describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution

A

by fermentation and adding yeast in anaerobic conditions

18
Q

what are the conditions used for fermentation of of sugar using yeast?

A
  • 35 degrees celsius
  • anaerobic (without oxygen)
  • yeast enzyme catalyst
  • sugar forms ethanol + carbon dioxide
19
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

advantages
- low temperature = less energy
- sugar comes from plants so is therefore renewable
disadvantages
- product is an aqueous solution of ethanol (ethanol dissolved in water) so it needs to be purified by distillation which requires energy

20
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

they dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions

21
Q

are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids in water?

A

carboxylic acids are weak acids in water meaning they only partially ionise in aqueous solutions so have a higher PH than solutions of strong acids of the same concentration

22
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

they react with carbonates to produce a salt, carbon dioxide, and water

23
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

we make a molecule called esters and water

24
Q

why are esters useful molecules?

A

as they have a pleasant smell so are used a lot in foods

25
Q

when we react ethanoic acid with ethanol what does it produce and what is required for this reaction?

A
  • the ester ethyl ethanoate
  • sulfuric acid as a catalyst
26
Q

what are the monomers in addition polymers?

A

alkenes

27
Q

what type of monomers does condensation polymerisation involve?

A

monomers with two functional groups, and each monomer has two of the same functional groups

28
Q

what happens when the monomers with two functional groups react?

A

they join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, so the reactions are called condensation reactions

29
Q

what type of polymer is produced in condensation polymerisation?

A

polyester

30
Q

what does each amino acid molecule contain and what are they called?

A

two different functional groups which are an amine group and carboxylic acid group

31
Q

why can amino acid molecules react to form a condensation polymer?

A

because they have two different functional groups

32
Q

when amino acids react by condensation polymerisation what do they produce?

A

polypeptides ( as made from only one type of amino acids)

33
Q

how are proteins produced?

A

when different amino acids are combined in the same chain

34
Q

what is DNA and what does it do?

A

DNA is a large molecule essential for life and it encodes the instructions for development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

35
Q

what does DNA consist of and what are the monomers?

A

DNA consists of two polymer chains (that wrap around eachother to form a double helix) made from monomers called nucleotides

36
Q

name 3 naturally occurring polymers and the type of monomers thay are made from

A
  • protein = amino acids
  • starch = glucose
  • cellulose = glucose
37
Q

why do condensation polymers melt when they are heated?

A

as polyester is thermo softening and has no cross links

Chemistry (7 decks)

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