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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A molecule made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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2
Q

What is an alkane

A

A hydrocarbon with the formula CxH(2x+2)

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3
Q

Why are alkanes a homologous series

A

They react in a similar way

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4
Q

Whay are alkanes saturated

A

They dont have any double bonds

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5
Q

What are the first four alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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6
Q

What happens to viscosity as hydrocarbon chain length increases

A

As chain length increases, Viscosity (gloopiness) increases

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7
Q

What happens to volatility as hydrocarbon chain length increases

A

Volatility decreases as hydrocarbon chain length increases

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8
Q

What happens to Flammability as hydrocarbon chain length increases

A

The longer the hydrocarbon is, the less flamable it is

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9
Q

What happens to boiling as hydrocarbon chain length increases

A

The longer the hydrocarbon is, the higher the boiling point is

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10
Q

When does complete combustion occur

A

When there is sufficient oxygen

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11
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + Water –> Caarbon dioxide + Water

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12
Q

What happens to carbon and hydrogen during conplete combustion

A

They are both oxidised

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13
Q

Is combustion endothermic or exothermic

A

Exothermic as it releases energy

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14
Q

What is crude oil

A

A fossil fuel formed by the remains of animals and plants

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15
Q

How do you get fossils fuels

A

BY drilling into the earth and extracting them

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16
Q

Where does crude oil go to get seperated into different fractions and what is the process called

A

Fractionating column in a process called fractional distillation

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17
Q

Explain how fractional distillation works

A

The column is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top
The short chains evaporate and go to the top where it is coolest, where they then condense and can be extracted at the top of the column as liquids.
The long chains do not evaporate and stay liquid at the bottom of the column to be taken out.

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18
Q

What are some uses of crude oil (3)

A

Fuels, Polymers and Lubricants

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19
Q

What is cracking

A

Splitting up longer chain molecules into short chains so they can be more useful for things like fuels

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20
Q

What are the two types of cracking and what type of reaction is cracking

A

There is themal cracking and catalytic cracking
They are both thermal decomposition reactions

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21
Q

Explain catalytic cracking
Ensure to mention the temperature

A

Heat the long chain hydrocarbons until they are vaporised
Have some aluminium oxide ready as the catalyst
Pass the vaporised hydrocarbon along the aluminium oxide
It is done at 500 degrees

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22
Q

Explain thermal cracking
Ensure to mention the temperature and pressure

A

The crude oil is vaporised
It is then mixed with steam and heated at a high temperature and high pressure
The Hydrocarbon will crack
It is done at 750 degrees at 70 ATM

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23
Q

What is an alkene

A

A hydrocarbon with the general formula CxH2x

24
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated

A

They are unsaturated because they have a double bond between the Carbons

25
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

Their double bond can open up to make a single bond, allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

26
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene

27
Q

How can you test for alkenes

A

Bromine water test
Bromine water goes from orange to clear

28
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur

A

When there is insufficient oxygen

29
Q

What is the formula for incomplete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + (insufficient) Oxygen –> Carbon + Carbon monoxide + Carbon dioxide

30
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A

It binds to the haemoglobin in your red blood cells so that you cant have enough oxygen to perform aerobic respiration properly so you cannot release energy to function.

31
Q

How do alkenes typically react

A

With addition reactions

32
Q

What is it called when hydrogen reacts with an alkene

A

Hydrogenation

33
Q

What happens when steam reacts with an alkene

A

An alcohol with the functional group OH is produced

34
Q

Compare making ethanol by fermentation versus Hydration

A

Fermentation:
- Renewable
- Only batch process
- Carbon neutral
- Relatively slow
- Impure product
Hydration:
- Uses Non renewable ethene
- Needs lots of energy to heat up
- 100% efficient/ Pure product

35
Q

What is a functional group

A

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are present within organic molecules and are responsible for the characteristic properties

36
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

OH

37
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

38
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

39
Q

What are 3 properies of alcohols

A

The are flammable, soluble and can be oxidised

40
Q

What are 3 uses of alcohols

A

Fuels
In drinks
Solvents

41
Q

What is carboxylic acid’s functional group

A

COOH

42
Q

What are the first 4 carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

43
Q

What type of acids are carboxylic acids

A

Weak acids

44
Q

When carboxylic acids dissociate and lose their hydrogen, how are the negative ions named

A

They all end in anoate

45
Q

How do you make a carboxylic acid

A

You get an alcohol and oxidise it with an oxidising agent

46
Q

What is the functional group of esters

A

COO

47
Q

What are 2 properties of esters

A

Very volatile
Have pleasant smells

48
Q

What is the formula for making an ester

A

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol –> Ester + Water

49
Q

What catalyst is used when making an ester

A

Sulfuric acid

50
Q

When does condensation polymerisation occur

A

When monomers which contain different functional groups form polymer chains

51
Q

Give an example of two monomers that would come together to form a polyester

A

A Dicarboxylic acid (COOH on both sides)
A Diol (OH on both sides)

52
Q

Whats a benefit of using polyesters over addition polymers

A

They are biodegradeable

53
Q

What are the functional group of amino acids
(there are 2)

A

NH2 and COOH
NH2 is from amino group
COOH is from carboxylic

54
Q

What is the name of the polymer made when amino acids form

A

Polypeptide

55
Q

What is a protein

A

One or more long chains of polypeptides

56
Q

What are 2 uses of proteins

A

Enzymes as catalysts
Haemoglobin transports oxygen
Antibodies are a part of the immune system

57
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double helix structure made of2 bases

Chemistry (10 decks)

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