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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon covelently bonded

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2
Q

fractional distilation

A

the process where crude oil is seperated into different compounds through evapouration

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3
Q

viscosity

A

the ability for liquid to flow

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4
Q

crude oil

A

a finite resource found in rocks , it is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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5
Q

what is crude oil made up of

A

a mixture of compounds mainly hydrocarbons

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6
Q

general formula for homogulous series alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

what does meth mean in chem

A

1

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8
Q

Name the finite resources found in rocks.

A

crude oil

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9
Q

What is crude oil formed from?

A

The remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.

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10
Q

Why is crude oil classed as a mixture?

A

Contains a very large number of compounds.

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11
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only.

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12
Q

What is the main type of hydrocarbon found in crude oil?

A

Alkanes.

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13
Q

Recall the general forrmula for Alkanes.

A

CnH2n+2.

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14
Q

Name the first four members of Alkanes.

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane & Butane.

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15
Q

Recall the separation technique where crude oil is separated in fractions containing molecules with similar numbers of carbon.

A

Fractional Distillation

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16
Q

What can the fractions of crude oil be processed to produce?

A

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

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17
Q

Name 5 fuels we use in modern life that are produced from crude oil.

A

Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Heavy Fuel Oil & Liquified Petroleum Gas.

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18
Q

Name 4 useful materials which are produced by the petrolchemical industy.

A

Solvents, Lubricants, Polymers & Detergents.

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19
Q

What does the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds lead to?

A

A vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds.

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20
Q

Name two physical processes which occur in fractional distillation.

A

Heat, Evaporation, Cool and Condensation.

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21
Q

State the 3 properties which help use separate hydrocarbons into their different fractions (sizes).

A

Boiling Point, Viscosity and Flammability.

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22
Q

What can the differing properties of hydrocarbons influence?

A

How we used the hydrocarbons as fuels.

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23
Q

Recall how boiling point changes with increasing molecular size.

A

Boiling Point Increases.

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24
Q

Recall how viscosity changes with increasing molecular size.

A

Viscosity Increases.

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25
Q

Recall how flammability changes with increasing molecular size.

A

Flammability Decreases.

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26
Q

What is released after the combustion of fuel?

A

Energy

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27
Q

What happens to carbon and hydrogen in the fuel during combustion.

A

They are Oxidised.

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28
Q

Name the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water.

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29
Q

Balance the following: CH4 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

A

CH4 + 2O2 –> CO2 + 2H2O

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30
Q

State what we can do to long hydrocarbon chains to produce more useful products.

A

Cracking.

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31
Q

Name the 2 types of cracking.

A

Catalytic and Steam.

32
Q

Recall the conditions used for catalytic cracking.

A

500oC and a zeolite catalyst.

33
Q

Recall the conditions used for steam cracking.

A

750oC and 200 atmospheres.

34
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

An Alkane and a type of Alkene.

35
Q

Which is more reactive, Alkanes or Alkenes? Why?

A

Alkenes due to their C=C double bond.

36
Q

How do we test for Alkenes?

A

React Alkene with Bromine Water and it decolourises.

37
Q

State the purpose of cracking.

A

To make small molecules which are in higher demand.

38
Q

What are Alkenes used to make?

A

Polymers.

39
Q

C18H38 –> C10H22 + _______

A

C18H38 –> C10H22 + C8H16

40
Q

Which group of hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon double bonds?

A

Alkenes.

41
Q

Recall the general formula for Alkenes.

A

CnH2n.

42
Q

Why are Alkenes classed as unsaturated?

A

They contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

43
Q

Name the first four members of Alkenes.

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene and Pentene.

44
Q

State the functional group found in Alkenes.

A

C=C.

45
Q

What determines how a hydrocarbon reacts?

A

The functional group it contains.

46
Q

Name the products formed after the combustion of Alkenes.

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water.

47
Q

Why do Alkenes produce smoky flames when reacting with oxygen?

A

Due to imcomplete combustion.

48
Q

What 3 substances to Alkenes react with?

A

Hydrogen, Water & Halogens.

49
Q

What happens to the carbon-carbon double bond during a reaction.

A

The carbon-carbon double bond becomes a carbon-carbon single bond.

50
Q

State the functional group found in Alcohols.

A

OH

51
Q

Name the first four members of Alcohols.

A

Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol & Butanol.

52
Q

Recall the product when sugar solution are fermented using yeast.

A

Ethanol.

53
Q

State the conditions of fermentation.

A

37oC and Anaerobic.

54
Q

Name this Alcohol: C3H7OH.

A

Propanol.

55
Q

State the functional group found in Carboxylic Acids.

A

COOH.

56
Q

Name the first four members of Alcohols.

A

Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Propanoic acid and Butanoic acid.

57
Q

Name the products when Carboxylic Acids react with Carbonates.

A

Salt, Water & Carbon Dioxide.

58
Q

What happens to Carboxylic Acids after they are dissolved in water?

A

They partially dissociate in water .

59
Q

Name the products when Carboxylic Acids react with Alcohols.

A

An Ester and Water.

60
Q

What strength of Acid are Carboxylic Acids?

A

Weak Acids and have pH between 3-6.

61
Q

Name this Carboxylic Acid: CH3COOH

A

Ethanoic Acid

62
Q

Name the ester produced after the reaction between Ethanoic Acid and Ethanol.

A

Ethyl Ethanoate.

63
Q

What type of polymerisation is used to make poly(ethene) & Poly(Propene)?

A

Addition

64
Q

What happens during additon polymerisation?

A

Many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers).

65
Q

Why is no other molecule formed in additon polymerisation?

A

The repeating unit has the same atoms as the monomer.

66
Q

How many functional groups are required during condensation polymerisation?

A

2

67
Q

Why is condensation polymerisation called condensation polymerisation?

A

A small molecule of water is produced.

68
Q

State the type of Ester formed between Ethane Diol and Hexanedioic Acid.

A

Polyester.

69
Q

How many functional groups do Amino Acids have?

A

2

70
Q

What is produce after Amino Acids react by Condensation Polymerisation?

A

Polypeptides.

71
Q

What is a long chain of Amino Acids called?

A

Protein.

72
Q

Name a large molecule found in the nucleus of a cell which is essential for life.

A

DNA.

73
Q

What does DNA encode?

A

Genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.

74
Q

Recall the monomer of DNA.

A

Nucleotides.

75
Q

State the shape / structure of DNA.

A

Double Helix.

76
Q

Name 3 naturally occuring polymers which are important for life.

A

Proteins, Starch & Cellulose.

Chemistry (5 decks)

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