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chemistry IGCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

Alcohols general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

what is a functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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5
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae, including:
C4H10 as CH3CH2CH2CH3 and CH3CH(CH3)CH3

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6
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain hydrocarbon and carbon only

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7
Q

what is a structural formula

A

unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged, including:
CH2=CH2, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOCH3

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8
Q

homologous series

A

a family of similiar compounds with similiar chemical properties due to the prescence of the same functional group

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9
Q

what does a saturated compound have?

A

has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds, e.g. alkanes

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10
Q

What does an unsaturated compound have

A

Has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

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11
Q

general characteristics of a homologous series as:

A

1) having the same functional group
2) having the same general formula
3) differing from one member to the next by a -CH2- unit
4) displaying a trend in physical properties
5) sharing similiar chemical properties

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12
Q

Fossil fuels

A

coal, natural gas and petroleum

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13
Q

main constituent of natural gas

A

Methane

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14
Q

what is petroleum

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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15
Q

describe the seperation of crude oil into useful fractions by fractional distillation

A

Evaporation of crude oil at high temperatures
Condensation at different fractions
Collection at fractions

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16
Q

Describe how the properties obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column

A

1) decreasing chain length
2) higher volatility
3) lower boiling points
4) lower viscosity

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17
Q

Mnemonic to remember order of the fractional distillation of crude oil from smallest number of carbon to highest.

A

Red Pandas Nag Kittens Dancing Like Fighting Bats
Refinery gas, Petrol, Naptha, Kerosine, Diesel fuel, lubricating oil, fuel oil, bitumen

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18
Q

uses of refinary gas fraction

A

used in heating and cooking

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19
Q

uses of gasoline/petrol fraction

A

for car fuel

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20
Q

uses of kerosene/paraffin fraction

A

for jet fuel

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21
Q

uses of naphtha fraction

A

a chemical feedstock

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22
Q

uses of diesel oil/gas oil fractions

A

for fuel used in diesel engines

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23
Q

uses of fuel oil fraction

A

for fuel used in ships and home heating systems

24
Q

uses of lubricating oil fraction

A

for lubricants, waxes and polishes

25
Q

uses of bitumen fraction

A

making roads

26
Q

describe the bonding in alkanes

A

single covalent and are saturated hydrocarbons

27
Q

properties of alkanes

A

generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion and substitution by chlorine

28
Q

what type of reaction is the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine

A

photochemical reaction, with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy

29
Q

what happens in a substitution reaction

A

one atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

30
Q

describe bonding of alkenes

A

double carbon-carbon covalent bond and unsaturated hydrocarbon

31
Q

manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen

A

the cracking of larger alkane molecules using a high temperature and a catalyst

32
Q

reasons for the cracking of larger alkane molecules

A

-it helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them
- it produces alkenes, which are useful as feedstock for the petrochemical industry

33
Q

test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Bromination - adding aqueous bromine
Adding bromine to unsaturated hydrocarbons go from an orange red to a colourless solution

34
Q

how many products are formed in an addition reaction?

A

only one

35
Q

Hydrogenation of alkene (adding hydrogen)

A

E.g. C2H4 + H2 –> C2H6
From alkene to alkane
From double bond to single bond
- requires nickel as catalyst
- occurs at 150C

36
Q

Bromination of alkenes (adding bromine)

A

E.g. C2H4 + Br2 –> C2H4Br2
Ethene + bromine –> 1,2, -dibromoethane
From orange brown colour to colourless

37
Q

Adding steam to alkenes

A

Hydration: C2H4 + H2O –> C2H5OH
(ethene + steam –> ethanol)
Double bond breaks and reacts with steam
Conditions: phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as catalyst, 300 - 400C, 60 - 70 atm

38
Q

manufacture of ethanol

A

1) fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25-35C in the prescence of yeast and in the absence of oxygen
2) catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 300C and 6000kPa/60 atm in the prescence of an acid catalyst

39
Q

complete combustion of ethanol

A

Forms carbon dioxide and water
C2H5OH + 3O2 –> 2CO2 + 3H2O

40
Q

uses of ethanol

A
  • fuel
  • solvent
41
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation

A

advantages: simple equipment needed, uses renewable resources, low temperature required

disadvantages: batch process is inefficient, very slow ROR, produces dilute solution (further processing needed), carbon dioxide is produced (greenhouse gas)

42
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene

A

Advantages: continuous process is efficient, fast ROR, produces pure ethanol, no greenhouse gas produced

Disadvantages: complex set up required, pollutants are formed from the burning of fossil fuels to maintain high temp, requires high temp and pressures (high cost)

43
Q

Carboxylic acid + metals –>

A

salt + hydrogen

44
Q

Carboxylic acids + carbonates –>

A

salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas

45
Q

(neutralisation) carboxylic acid + base –>

A

salt + water

46
Q

what are the endings of a salt formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids

A

-anoate

e.g. magnesium ethanoate

47
Q

ethanoic acid + magnesium –>

A

magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
(CH3COO)2Mg + H2

48
Q

(neutralisation) propanic acid + potassium hydroxide –>

A

potassium propanoate + water
(CH3CH2COOK + H2O)

49
Q

Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the
oxidation of ethanol:

A
  • with acidified aqueous potassium
    manganate(VII)
  • by bacterial oxidation during vinegar
    production
50
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

ester + water
(using acid catalyst: sulfuric acid)

51
Q

uses of ester

A

Perfume (has fruity smell)

52
Q

how to name ester

A

alcohol-yl carboxylic -oate
e.g. ethyl propanoate

53
Q

polymers

A

large molecules built by linking 50+ smaller molecules called monomers

54
Q

formation of poly(ethene)

A

example of addition polymerisation using ethene monomers

55
Q

what are plastics made from

A

polymers

chemistry IGCSE (17 decks)

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