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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the homologous series

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

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2
Q

what is a functional group

A

group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member

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3
Q

describe cracking in the refinery

A
  1. long-chain hydrocarbon is heated to vapourise it
  2. the vapour is usually passed over a hot catalyst
  3. thermal decomposition
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4
Q

what happens when alkane is cracked

A

the number of atoms of C + H in the products is equal to the number of C + H atoms in the alkene

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5
Q

why is cracking important

A
  • makes the best use of petroleum
  • cracking always produces short- chain compounds with a Carbon- carbon double bond. This bond makes compounds reactive- makes plastics
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6
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

where is heat applied

A

at the aluminium oxide

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9
Q

what is the test for alkenes

A

the gas produced was tested with bromine water. Brown to colourless

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10
Q

describe the products of alkane

A

one of the products is always alkene

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11
Q

give the homologous series

A
  1. Alkanes - C + H atoms, single bonds
  2. Alkenes - C + H plus 1 double Carbon bond
  3. Alcohols - C + H plus at least 1 O-H
  4. Carboxylic acids - H + C plus at least 1 COOH group
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12
Q

state the substances present in the process of cracking

A
  • 3-4cm depth of mineral wool soaked with a hydrocarbon oil
  • aluminium oxide catalyst
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13
Q

what is methyl

A

CH3

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14
Q

general formula for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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15
Q

general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1CO2H

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16
Q

why must the delivery tube be lifted out of the water the moment heating is stopped

A

water will get sucked up into the hot test tube and it might crack

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17
Q

what is cracking?

A

breaks molecules down into smaller ones

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18
Q

give the cracking of ethane

A

ethane –> ethene + hydrogen

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19
Q

what are alkanes

A
  1. the simplest family of organic compounds
  2. Hydrocarbons
  3. carbon bonds are all single bonds
  4. form a homologous series usually with the formula CnH2n+2
  5. unreactive
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20
Q

what are isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

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21
Q

give the equation for the incomplete combustion of methane

A

2CH4 + 3O2 –> 2CO + 4H2O

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22
Q

what do alkanes also react with

A

chlorine in sunlight

23
Q

describe the trend of alkanes

A

first 4 alkanes are gases at room temperature. the next 12 are liquids and the rest are solids. Boiling points increase as attraction increases

24
Q

where are alkanes found

A

petroleum and natural gas

25
Q

what can alkanes act as

A

fuels

26
Q

give examples of alkanes

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane

27
Q

why do branched isomers have a lower boiling point

A

because the branches make it hard for the molecules to get close so the attraction between them is weak and less heat is needed to overcome it

28
Q

give the equation for the combustion of methane

A

CH4 + 2O2 –> CO2 + 2H2O + heat energy

29
Q

what are addition reactions

A

an addition reaction turns an unsaturated alkene into a saturated compound

30
Q

what are the bonds of the alkenes and why

A
  • unsaturated
  • because they have double bonds
31
Q

how are alkenes made

A

from alkanes by cracking

32
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

because the 2 bond can break, to add on other atoms

33
Q

what can you use to test whether a hydrocarbon is unsaturated

A

bromine water. orange- colourless

34
Q

use of paraffin

A

fuel for aircraft, oil stoves and lamps

35
Q

describe the list of refinement of crude oil from bottom to top

A
  1. bitumen
  2. lubricating fraction
  3. fuel oil
  4. diesel oil
  5. paraffin
  6. naphtha
  7. gasoline (fuel)
  8. refinery gas
36
Q

use of fuel oil

A

fuel for power stations, ships and for home heating systems

37
Q

what happens as you go down the tower

A

boiling point and viscosity increases

38
Q

how is natural gas formed

A

mainly methane gas and is usually found with petroleum

39
Q

what is the minimum and maximum temperatures

A

400 celcius - bottom
25 celcius- top

40
Q

use of naphtha

A

starting point of feedstock for many chemicals and plastics

41
Q

which substance is very thick and heavy liquid

A

lubricating fraction

42
Q

use of bitumen

A

road surfaces and roofs

43
Q

how is petroleum formed

A

formed from remains of dead organisms that fell to the ocean floor and high pressures slowly converted them into petroleum

44
Q

use of lubricating fraction

A

oil for engines and machinery, waxes and polishes

45
Q

use of refinery gas

A

bottle gases for cooking and heating

46
Q

what is an organic compound

A

contains carbon and usually hydrogen eg. petroleum

47
Q

how is coal formed

A

the remains of vegetation that grew in ancient swamps. Pressure and heat slowly converted it to coal, over millions of years

48
Q

use of gasoline

A

fuel for cars

49
Q

which substance is a solid

A

bitumen

50
Q

why is petroleum called a non-renewable source

A

because it will run out one day as we are using it up much faster that it can form

50
Q

biggest sources of fossil fuels

A

natural gas
coal
petroleum

51
Q

where does the refinement of crude oil happen and describe how

A

fractional distillation
- carried out in a tower that is kept very hot at the base and cooler toward the top

52
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

contain ONLY carbon and hydrogen

53
Q
A

Chemistry (7 decks)

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