organic chemistry Flashcards
what is the homologous series?
a family of organic compounds with the same functional group
how do you test for alkenes?
burn it and it should have a smokier, yellower (brighter) flame
when reacting alkenes with bromine water, the solution changes from orange to colourless
what is structural formula
shows what is bonded to each C atom, but doesn’t show the bonds
what is diplayed formula
Displayed formula = shows every single bond in the molecule
what is the suffix for carbocylic acids
-anoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid
what is esterification
alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + wate
what type of reaction is esterification
condensation reaction
what can esters be used for
used in perfumes
food flavourings
what does it mean if an ester is volatile
are very volatile (becomes a gas very easily
what are monomers
Monomers = small molecules that join to make polymers
what is polyethene
Poly(ethene) = transparent, unless you add colouring to it
what are the uses of polyethene (4)
Uses:
plastic carrier bags
drink bottles
dustbins
washing up bowls
cling film
what do propene monomers make
Propene monomers make: Polypropene = strong and tough
uses of polypropene(3)
- carpets
- milk crates
- ropes
how are polymers formed?
When alkene molecules join, the covalent double bond opens up/breaks
This creates bonds on the two carbon atoms on either side of the double bond
This becomes saturated when monomers join together
The polymer chains are made up of a C backbone
what is the process where polymers are formed called
This type of reaction is called addition polymerisation
what does mono mean
Mono = one
what does poly mean
poly = many
how many products are formed in addition to polymerisation
in addition polymerisation, there is only one product formed, which is the polymer.
what does a repeating unit have
A repeating unit has trailing bonds
what does the n represent
n represents how many paperclips are in the paperclip chain (how many repeating units are in the polymer
What to make sure for a repeating unit: 4
the formula is drawn correctly (correct number of C and H
Trailing bonds
Brackets
n outside
what are two types of condensation polymers
Polyester and nylon are condensation polymers
how many products does condensation polymerisation produce and what products does it produce
in condensation polymerisation, there are two products, one of which is a small molecule like water or hydrogen
whatis the second product that nylon produces?
When nylon is made the second molecule produced is HCl
what are monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are made up of one sugar units
give examples of monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, and fructose
how many ring structures does glucose have
Glucose molecules are made up of six membered ring structures (hexagonal structures)
how many ring structures does fructose have
Fructose - F for Five - made up of 5 membered rings
what two monosaccharides are sucrose made of
Sucrose = glucose +fructose
what are polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = polymer of thousands of monosaccharides
what two functional groups do amino acids have
basic group - amine group - NH2
Acidic group - carboxylic acid - COOH
what does dna stand for
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
what does dnas structure contain
DNA’s structure contains genetic code that determines the different amino acids of every protein
what type of polymer is dna
DNA = condensation polymer
what is the name of dna polymer
The monomers of DNA = nucleotides
how are the two strands of dna held together
they are held together by the intermolecular forces that run down the length of them
what are the bases of dna
The complimentary bases are AT and CG - remember the mnemonic AT Chelsea’s Grounds
what are the name of the bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
