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GCSE CCEA Chemistry unit 2 And 3 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry

A

the study of compounds with C-H bonds

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2
Q

Why can carbon form many compounds? (3)

A
  • a carbon can form bonds with other carbon atoms to make chains and rings
  • a carbon atom can form a single or double bond to other carbons
  • a carbon atom can bond with other atoms (eg. hydrogen)
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3
Q

How many bonds can carbon form?

A

4 covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Where all the carbon compounds have the same general formula

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5
Q

How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “meth”?

A

1

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6
Q

How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “eth”?

A

2

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7
Q

How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “prop”?

A

3

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8
Q

How many carbon atoms are in the prefix “but”?

A

4

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9
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

ane

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10
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

ene

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11
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

anol

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12
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

Anoic acid

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13
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen

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14
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A reactive group in a molecule

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15
Q

Do alkanes have functional groups?

A

No

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16
Q

What is combustion?

A

The reaction of fuels with oxygen, forming oxides and releasing thermal energy

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17
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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18
Q

Under what conditions does complete combustion occur?

What colour is the flame?

A

if there is a plentiful supply of oxygen in the air.

an orange flame is produced, and more carbon means a more orange flame

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19
Q

Under what conditions does incomplete combustion occur?

What does it form

A

If there is a limited supply of oxygen

It produces carbon monoxide and water (and possibly soot)

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20
Q

What is formed by the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

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21
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect the environment?

A

Contributes to green house effect

Leading to:
- rise in sea level
- flooding
- climate change

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22
Q

What is formed by incomplete combustion of fuels

A

Carbon monoxide, water and sometimes soot

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23
Q

What is the impact of carbon monoxide?

A

binds to haemoglobin in the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen

(Toxic gas)

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24
Q

How is soot formed?

A

Incomplete combustion of fuels

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25
Q

What is the impact of soot?

A

Pollutes the air and causes lung damage and respiratory problems

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26
Q

Give a balanced symbol equation for the combustion of sulphur

A

S2 + 2O2 —> 2SO2

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27
Q

Give a balanced symbol equation for the reactions which result in acid rain

A
  • S2 + 2O2 —> 2SO2
  • SO2 + H2O —> H2SO3
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28
Q

What is the effect of acid rain? (3)

A
  • Damage buildings (especially limestone buildings),
  • damage vegetation
  • kill fish.
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29
Q

How can you prevent acid rain? (2)

A
  • By removing sulphur impurity from coal
  • or passing it through an alkali
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30
Q

What is the general formula for Alkenes

A

CnH2n

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31
Q

Do Alkenes have a functional group?

A

Yes, they have a double carbon bond

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32
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Where two molecules react to form one product

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33
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together

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34
Q

What are monomers?

A

A small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer

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35
Q

What is addition polymerisation? (2)

A
  • The process of joining monomer molecules together
  • to form a long chain molecule
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36
Q

what is a non-biodegradable material?

A

When a material can’t be decomposed by natural bacteria

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37
Q

What two methods are used to dispose of polymers?

A
  • landfill
  • incineration
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38
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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39
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

40
Q

What is the colour and state of all alcohols?

A

Colourless liquid

41
Q

What is the result of complete combustion of alcohols?

A
  • carbon dioxide and water
  • clean blue flame with an orange tip
42
Q

What is the result of incomplete combustion of alcohols?

A
  • carbon monoxide, soot and water
  • Smokey blue flame with orange tip
43
Q

What is the product of oxidation of ethanol

A

Ethanoic acid (acid in vinegar)

44
Q

What is the general product of oxidation of propan-1-ol, methanol and ethanol

What is different about the product for propan-2-ol?

A
  • Carboxylic acids
  • not in the case of propan-2-ol
45
Q

Name the reagent used to convert propan-1-ol to propanoic acid

What colour change is observed?

What type of reaction is this?

A
  • warm acidified potassium dichromate
  • orange to green
  • oxidation
46
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of sugars to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

47
Q

What are the conditions required for fermentation? (4)

A
  • sugars dissolved in solution
  • in the presence of yeast
  • at a warm temp (not above 37º)
  • in the absence of air (anaerobic)
48
Q

How are higher concentrations of ethanol produced?

A

Fractional distillation

49
Q

How long does fermentation take?

A

Several days

50
Q

What concentration is produced by fermentation?

A

12-15%

51
Q

Other than fermentation, how else can you produce ethanol?

A

Reacting ethene with steam

52
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxyl (-COOH)

53
Q

Why are carboxylic acids not hydrocarbons?

A

They contain oxygen, not just hydrogen and carbon

54
Q

What is the colour and state of all carboxylic acids?

A

Colourless liquid

55
Q

Give the word equation for the reaction used to test for carboxylic acids

A

Carbonate + acid —> salt + water + carbon dioxide

56
Q

What is the molecular formula of methane

A

CH4

57
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethane

A

C2H6

58
Q

What is the molecular formula of propane

A

C3H8

59
Q

What is the molecular formula of butane

A

C4H10

60
Q

What is the colour and state of alkanes at room pressure and temperature

A

Colourless gas

61
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethene

A

C2H4

62
Q

What is the molecular formula of propene

A

C3H6

63
Q

What is the molecular formula of but-1-ene

A

C4H8

64
Q

What is the molecular formula of but-2-ene

A

C4H8

65
Q

What is the colour and state of alkenes at room pressure and temperature

A

Colourless gas

66
Q

What is the molecular formula of methanol

A

CH3OH

67
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH

68
Q

What is the molecular formula of propan-1-ol

A

C3H7OH

69
Q

What is the molecular formula of propan-2-ol

A

C3H7OH

70
Q

What is the viscosity of a substance?

A

a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

71
Q

What is the observation when an Alkene reacts with bromine?

When is this reaction used?

A
  • yellow-orange liquid turns colourless
  • to test for a double carbon bond in an alkene
72
Q

What is the product formed in a reaction between an alkene and hydrogen?

A

An alkane

73
Q

What is the catalyst for the addition reaction between ethene and hydrogen?

What condition is required for this reaction?

A
  • Finely divided nickel
  • 150°C
74
Q

What is the product of the addition reaction between an alkene and steam?

A

An alcohol

75
Q

What does saturated mean in organic chemistry?

A

Where all carbon-carbon covalent bonds are single

76
Q

What does unsaturated mean in organic chemistry?

A

When a molecule contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

77
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where 2 molecules react to form 1 product

78
Q

What is a hydration reaction?

A

When water is added across a C=C double bond

79
Q

What other name is given to the addition reaction between alkenes and hydrogen?

What does this mean?

A
  • Hydrogenation
  • hydrogen is added across the C=C double bond
80
Q

What is the catalyst for the addition reaction between ethene and water?

What condition is required for this reaction?

A
  • concentrated phosphoric acid
  • high temp (steam)
81
Q

What is the name is given to molecules like but-1-ene and but-2-ene?

How do they differ?

A
  • isomers
  • differ by position of their functional group e.g C=C double bond in moleule (but-1-ene or 2) or OH (propan-1-ol or 2)
82
Q

What is the molecular formula of methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

83
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

84
Q

What is the molecular formula of propanoic acid?

A

C2H5COOH

85
Q

What is the molecular formula of butanoic acid?

A

C3H7COOH

86
Q

Why does melting and boiling point increase as the size of the molecule increases in each homologous group?

A

More van der walls forces - more energy required to overcome the forces

87
Q

What are the properties of a homologous series? (4)

A
  • same general formula
  • differ by a CH2 unit
  • gradation in physical properties
  • similar chemical properties
88
Q

Which homologous group doesn’t have a functional group?

A

Alkanes

89
Q

What are the physical properties affected by size of chains in homologous series? (3)

A

bigger the chains:

  • greater viscosity
  • darker colour
  • higher m.p. And b.p.
90
Q

How is crude oil separated?

Explain

(3)

A
  • Fractional distillation
  • crude oil is heated and vapourised
  • separated in terms of b.p. (higher b.p., lower fraction)
91
Q

What are the fractions of crude oil

and

what are their uses?

(6)

A
  • refinery gases - bottled gases
  • petrol - fuel for cars
  • naptha - manufacture of chemicals and plastics
  • kerosine - fuel for aircrafts
  • diesel - fuel for cars and trains
  • bitumen - surface roads and roofs
92
Q

What is cracking? (2)

A
  • the breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
  • into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)
93
Q

Describe the appearance of sulphur

What colour is the flame when sulphur burns in air?

A
  • Yellow solid
  • blue
94
Q

What colour is bromine water?

A

Yellow-orange

95
Q

Name the alkene from which PVC is formed

A

Chloroethene / vinyl chloride

96
Q

Give a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between ethene and bromine

A

C2H4 + Br2 —> C2H4Br2

97
Q

How do you produce a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

What is released?

A
  • React it with oxygen (oxidation)
  • Hydrogen gas

GCSE CCEA Chemistry unit 2 And 3 (10 decks)

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