Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms.
What 2 types of hydrocarbons are there?
Alkanes: C-C (saturated)
Alkenes: C=C (unsaturated)
Suffix for alkanes?
ane
Suffix for alkenes?
ene
General formula for Alkanes?
C(n)H(2n+2)
General formula for Alkenes?
C(n)H(2n)
Prefixes for hydrocarbons?
1: Meth
2: Eth
3: Prop
4: But
5: Pent
How many covalent bond does a carbon have?
Four
How many covalent bonds does a hydrogen have?
One
What happens to carbon & hydrogen during complete combustion of alkanes?
Carbon: Oxidised to make carbon dioxide
Hydrogen: Oxidized to make water
Word equation for complete combustion of alkanes?
Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water
What happens when there is incomplete combustion in alkanes?
Carbon oxidises to carbom monoxide instead of CO2.
What’s a functional group?
A specific set of atoms within a molecule that determine the characteristics of that molecule.
Examples of functional groups?
C=C: Alkenes
OH: Alcohols (Hydroxyl Group)
COOH: Carboxyl Group
What’s an addition reaction?
Molecules combine to form a bigger molecule with no byproducts.
Which hydrocarbons can undergo addition reactions?
Alkenes because they have a C=C bond which can break down into single bonds with other molecules.
Alkenes addition reactions with hydrogen word equation?
Example?
Alkene + Hydrogen –> Alkane
Ethene + Hydrogen –> Ethane
What’s an alcohol?
Homologous series which forms part of the OH (hydroxyl) functional group.
Suffix for alcohols?
ol
What’s the general formula for alcohols?
C(n)H(2n+1)OH
What’s a carboxylic acid?
Homologous series which forms part of the -COOH (carboxylic) group.
How do you name carboxylic acids?
hydrocarbon prefix + antic acid
E.g. ethanoic acid
General formula for carboxylic acids?
C(n)H(2n+1)COOH
How are carboxylic acids made?
Alcohols that are oxidized become carboxylic acids.
Ethanol to Ethanoic acid symbol & word equations?
Ethanol + Oxygen –> Ethanoic acid + Water
C2H5OH + 2O –> C2H5COOH + H2O
Acid + Metal –> ?
Acid + Metal –> Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Alkali –> ?
Acid + Alkali –> Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonates –> ?
Acid - Carbonate –> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
What will be created when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?
Ethanoic acid + Sodium carbonate –> Sodium ethanoate + Water + Carbon dioxide
What will carboxylic acids go into when formed into a salt?
Prefix + anoate
E.g. Ethanoate
What is crude oil?
Fossil fuels that is made of remains of marine organisms. Mixture of hydrocarbons
What happens the more carbons there are in a hydrocarbon?
- Higher boiling points
- Stronger inter-molecular forces
How are hydrocarbons separated from one another in crude oil?
Fractional distillation
How does fractional distillation work in hydrocarbons?
- Fractionating column has temperature difference, (top = colder, bottom = hotter)
- Hydrocarbons condense at a certain level (different boiling points) and come out as liquids, at their fraction.
- Small hydrocarbons (Methane-Butane) leave as gas
- Big hydrocarbons are left at the bottom.
What is cracking?
Splitting long hydrocarbons into more useful (smaller) hydrocarbons.
How is cracking done?
At high temperatures and with a catalyst, it breaks down the carbon bonds, and splits into smaller hydrocarbons.
What are addition polymers?
Polymers made from long molecules joined together through addition reactions.
