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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Originate from living matter and contain carbon

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2
Q

Carbon Compounds

A

Grouped depending on the basic structure (backbone) and substitutent groups

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3
Q

Alkane

A

Saturated molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen joined with single covalent bonds

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4
Q

Alkene

A

Contain one or more double bonds

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5
Q

Alkynes

A

Contain one or more triple bonds

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6
Q

Alkyl Side Chains

A

Smaller carbon side chains that can be attached to the parent backbone and are named according to the number of carbons

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7
Q

Structural Isomer

A

Same formula but different position of side chains, functional groups or halogens on the chain

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8
Q

Geometric Isomer

A

Same position of the side chains/functional groups but different 3-dimensional orientation

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9
Q

Markovnikov’s Rule

A

Most commoly the hydrogen goes to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogens attached

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10
Q

Halogenation

A

Addition reaction where a halogen is added

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11
Q

Hydrohalogenation

A

Addition reaction where a hydrohalide is added

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12
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen to saturate a chain

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13
Q

Hydration

A

Addition of a water molecule to form an alcohol

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14
Q

Alcohol

A

OH bonded to a saturated carbon atom

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15
Q

Aldehyde

A

Have a carbonyl group (-c=o) at the start of the main carbon chain

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16
Q

Reflux

A

The continuous evaporation and condensation of a volatile substance without the loss of any product

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17
Q

Condensation Reactions

A

A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule such as water or methanol

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18
Q

Esterification

A

Two reactants form an ester as the reaction product and release water or an other small molecule

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19
Q

Amine

A

Contains a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair

20
Q

Amide

A

Contains a carbon with double bond to an oxygen and a single bond to a nitrogen

21
Q

Esters

A

Contain a carbon with a single bond to another carbon, a double bond to an oxygen and a single bond to an oxygen . The singly bound oxygen is bonded to another carbond

22
Q

Length of Carbon Backbone Chain

A

The longer the chain, the more surface area available for dispersion forces to hold the molecules together, increasing melting and boiling point

23
Q

Presence of Oxygen

A

Introduces the strongest type of intermolecular bonds, hydrogen bonds, greatly increasing melting and boiling point

24
Q

Bulky side groups

A

Cause the main chains to not pack tightly together, decreasing dispersion forces and decreasing melting and boiling point

25
Q

Polymers

A

Long chains of monomers joined together by addition reactions, can be natural or synthetic

26
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A

A form of step-growth polymerisation in which monomers react with each other to form larger structural units while releasing smaller molecules such as water as by-products

27
Q

Addition Polymerisation

A

A form of polymerisation where unsaturated carbon molecules react with each other to form a long chain polymer molecule, the monomer units are added to the polymer by double or triple bonds

28
Q

Isotactic Polypropene

A

All of the methyl groups are on the same side, strong with a high melting point of 165°C

29
Q

Syntactic Polypropene

A

The methyl groups alternate between up and down, lower melting point of 125°C

30
Q

Atactice Polypropene

A

Random position up and down, melting point varies from 130°C to 171°C

31
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugars with the formula Cn H2n On, eg. glucose, fructose, ribose

32
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction, eg. maltose, sucrose

33
Q

Maltose

A

2 glucose molecules joined

34
Q

Sucrose

A

A glucose and fructose molecule joined

35
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Consist of long chains of glucose joined together, the physical properties vary greatly depending on type of bonding and side branching, eg. starch, cellulose

36
Q

Lipids

A

Triglycerides, a glycerol backbone and 3 attached long chain fatty acids

37
Q

Amino Acid

A

Amine bonded to a carboxyl group

38
Q

Polypeptide

A

A series of about 20 amino acids joined together with peptide bonds

39
Q

Protein

A

Several polypeptides joined together

40
Q

Protein Primary Structure

A

The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

41
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The polypeptide chain can form an alpha (α) helix coil or a beta (β) pleated sheet

42
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The folding of the secondary structure to form a ball-like 3-dimensional protein, the type of amino acid side chains (R-groups) impacts greatly on this folding and dictates areas that are water soluble and fat soluble

43
Q

Non-polar Amino acids

A

Interact through dispersion forces

44
Q

Polar Neutral Amino Acids

A

Interact through hydrogen bonding

45
Q

Polar Acidic and Basic Amino Acids

A

Interact through ionic bonds

46
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms, Their structure is essential for their function as many enzymes an active site that is specific for one substrate

Chemistry (5 decks)

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