organic chemistry Flashcards
what is a saturated hydrocarbon
contains single carbon-carbon bonds only
what is an alicylic hydrocarbon
contains carbons joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
contains at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring
what is a homologous series
a series of compounds with the same functional group. Each successive member differing by the addition of a CH2
what is a functional group
a group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of atoms
molecular formula
actual number and type of atoms of each element in a compound or molecule
structural formula
shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula
shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
skeletal formula
a simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving the carbon skeleton and functional groups
what is isomerism
when 2 or more molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms
structural isomers
same molecular formula, different structural formula
how can covalent bonds be broken
by heterolytic or homolytic fission
what is homiletic fission
when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form 2 radicals
what is heterolytic fission
a covalent bond is broken with one of the two bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair forming 2 oppositely charged ions
what is an addition reaction
two reactant molecules join together to form a single product
what is a substitution reaction
an atom or group of atoms exchanges with a different atom/group of atoms
what is an elimination reaction
a molecule loses a small molecule
recrystallisation process
- dissolve solid in minimum amount of hot solvent (water)
- hot filter the dissolved crystals under reduced pressure using a Buchner funnel and flask to remove any insoluble impurities
- allow solution to cool and recrystallise leaving soluble impurities in solution the slower the rate of cooling the bigger the crystals
- filter crystals under reduced pressure using Buchner funnel and flask
- wash crystals with cold solvent (water) and allow crystals to dry on Buchner funnel
- transfer crystals to a weighted and labelled watch glass
