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Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

polar

A

uneven distribution of charge.

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2
Q

non-polar

A

even distribution of charge

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3
Q

Functional Group

A

an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determines the molecules properties/reactions eg. -COOH, -OH, +NH2

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4
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only eg. alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

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5
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds with similar chemical properties and the same general formula, in which each membrane contains one CH2 unit more.

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6
Q

Structural Isomer

A

a compound with the same molecular formula but different structures

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7
Q

Alkanes

A 
CnH2n+2
saturated hydrocarbon
tetrahedral (bond angle=109.5 degrees)
burns in O2 to produce CO2 and water
does not decolourise bromine water
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8
Q

Alkenes

A 
CnH2n
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
one or more double bond present
planar(120degrees)
burns in O2 to produce CO2 and H2O
decolourise bromine water(orange to colourless)
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9
Q

Alkynes

A 
CnH2n-2
unsaturated hydrocarbon=triple bonds
linear(180 degrees)
burns in O2 to produce Co2 and H2O
does decolourise bromine water
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10
Q

molecular formula

A

eg. C5 H12

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11
Q

structural formula

A

drawn out fully

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12
Q

semi structural

A

eg. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

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13
Q

skeletal structure

A

no elements shown just the line

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14
Q

priority for naming (decreasing)

A 
Carboxylic acid
Ester
Amide
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Amine
Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane
Branches
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15
Q

Alcohols

A

suffix=anol
-OH
Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose or the hydration of ethene.
Hydroxyl group

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16
Q

Primary alcohols

A

only alcohols that oxidise to carboxylic acids (1 other carbon)

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17
Q

Secondary Alcohols

A

oxidise to form ketones (2 carbons)

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18
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

suffix=-oic acid
one double bonded O and one OH group
The carbon (which is always the first) is included in the name.
carboxyl group

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19
Q

Aldehydes

A

suffix=-anal

C=O bond at c1 on the main chain.

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20
Q

Ketones

A

suffix= one

carbonyl group= C=O

21
Q

Amines

A

R-NH2 R is an alkyl group
Suffix=-amine
prefix=amino only when functional group of higher thing is there.
eg. ethanamine

22
Q

Amides

A

-CONH2
suffix=amide
prefix=amido
eg. methanamide

23
Q

Esters

A

-OCO-
reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
suffix=yl of the alkyl group of the alcohol
suffix=oate of the carboxylic acid
eg. ethylethanoate

24
Q

Haloalkanes

A

prefixes= chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro
(used for chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine)
eg. 1-chlorobutane

25
Q

Bonding between alkanes

A

> The closer the molecules are to each other (how closely they pack depends on their shape eg. linear is better)
The larger the molecules the more regions there are to attract each other.
Size
Exposed Surface Area

26
Q

Comparing boiling points

A
  1. Draw
  2. Compare the size of the two molecules
  3. Compare polarities
27
Q

Solubility in water

A

Small alcohols, amines, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amides are able to form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore soluble in water.
The more hydrogen bonds able to be formed the more soluble.

28
Q

complete combustion

A

needs excess O2 so elements can react fully with O2

hydrocarbon + O2—> CO2 +H2O

29
Q

incomplete combustion

A

insufficient O2 present.
CO and C are produced instead of CO2
hydrocarbon + O2 —> carbon monoxide + H2O
hydrocarbon + O2 —> carbon +H2O

30
Q

Substitution reaction

A

Alkanes= saturated therefore number of chemical reactions they can undergo are limited
Conditions=UV light
alkane + halogen —> (UV light) haloalkane + hydrogen halide

31
Q

Addition of Alkenes

A

Alkanes= no addition bc no double bond(saturated)
Alkenes can bc double bond.
eg. double bond is attacked by bromine, unfolds.

32
Q

Addition of alkenes HYDROGEN HALIDES

A 
hydrogen halides (HF, HCl, HBr, HI)
Alkene + hydrogen halide ---> Haloalkane
33
Q

Addition of alkenes HYDROGENATION

A

conditions= nickel catalyst and 150 degrees C temp

Alkene + hydrogen —> alkane

34
Q

Addition of Alkenes STEAM

A

Conditions=Phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 degrees C and 60-70 atm pressure
Alkene + water —> alkanol

35
Q

Production of ethanol from STEAM

A 
chemical method 
ethene + steam ---> ethanol 
requires 300 degrees Celsius 
60-70 atm 
H3PO4 catalyst
36
Q

production of ethanol FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE

A

biological
glucose —–> carbon dioxide + ethanol
uses yeast catalyst

37
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

solvent in perfumes inks and glues
Fuel
To make esters 9 food flavourings)
Alcoholic drinks

38
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A

oxidised by strong oxidising agents such as acidified permanganate or di chromate solution to from aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
Partial =forms aldehyde
full=forms carboxylic acid

39
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

oxidised by same oxidising agents( eg. dichromate solution) to form ketones.

40
Q

Dichromate solution

A

Cr2O7^2-

41
Q

Formation of esters

A

reaction between alkanol and acid
produces water therefore condensation reaction
more commonly referred to as esterification reaction
catalyst=H2SO4
carboxylic acid + alcohol —-> water + ester

42
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to from a polymer

43
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

the alkene molecules are the monomers

under pressure and with a catalyst the double bond between the monomers break and form bonds between the molecules.

44
Q

Thermoplastic

A

A type of polymer:

  • chains loosely tangled together
  • no cross links
  • low melting points
  • can be remoulded
    eg. plastic bags and glad wrap
45
Q

Thermosetting

A

A type of polymer:

  • cross links between chains
  • much higher melting points
  • cannot be remoulded
  • rigid and inflexible
    eg. kitchen bench coverings, outer layer on flat pack furniture
46
Q

Elastomers

A

A type of polymer:

  • can be stretched or deformed
  • regain their shape
  • only a few cross links
    eg. rubber which is vulcanised by adding sulfur
47
Q

LDPE

A

Polyethene(thermoplastic)
Low density Poly Ethene
-formed under high temperature and pressure
-made of branched chains which do not fit together well.
- low melting point
- soft and flexible
- Used to make glad wrap

48
Q

HDPE

A

Polyethene( thermoplastic)
High Density Poly Ethene
- formed using a catalyst and much lower temperatures
- chains are not branched
- fit together much better
- more crystalline and less amorphous
- used to make wheelie bins and classroom chairs.

Chemistry (7 decks)

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