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Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon made out of?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
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2
Q

what is the simplest type of hydrocarbon?

general formula?

A
  • alkanes
  • CnH2n+2
  • homologous series
  • saturated compound
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3
Q

what are the first four alkanes?

A
  • methane
  • ethane
  • propane
  • butane
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4
Q

explain how properties of hydrocarbons are affected?

A
  • shorter carbon chain
  • less viscous
  • more volatile (lower bpt)
  • more flammable
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5
Q

how do properties of hydrocarbons affect how they are used for fuels?

A
  • short chain hc w/ lower bpt are used as bottled gases
  • stored under pressure as liguids in bottles
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6
Q

what is complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

why is it used?

A
  • both carbon and hydrogen oxidised
  • waste products are CO2 and water
  • hc used as fuels as release lots of energy when combust completely
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7
Q

why are fossil fuels non-renewable?

A
  • used up fatser than being produced
  • finite so will run out
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8
Q

how is crude oil seperated using industrial fractional distillation?

A
  1. oil heated until most gas and enter fractionating column
  2. column has temp gradient
  3. long hc have high bp, condense first at bottom where its hot
  4. short hc have low bp, condense drain out later near the top where its cooler
  5. mixture sperayed into different fractions: similar carbon atoms/bp
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9
Q

what fractions of hc are used for different fuels?

A

3: LPG
8: petrol
15: kerosene
20: diesel oil
40: heavy fuel oil

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10
Q

what do petrochemical industry use hc for?

A
  • feedstock to make new compounds for
  • polymers
  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • detergent
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11
Q

what is organic compounds?

why is there a large variety of them?

A
  • contain carbon atoms
  • bond together to form different homologous series
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12
Q

why do short chain hc make good fuels?

why not long chain?

A
  • flammable
  • high in demand
  • long chain form thick gloopy tar
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13
Q

why is cracking used on long chain hc from fractional distillation of crude oil?

A

-make smaller, more useful hc

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14
Q

what are the products of cracking?

A
  • alkane
  • alkene used as starting material for polymers
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15
Q

what reaction is cracking?

A
  • thermal decomposition reaction
  • break molecules down by heating
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16
Q

what is catalytic cracking?

A
  1. heat long chain hc to vaporise
  2. vapour passed over hot-powered aluminium oxide catalyst
  3. long chain hc split apart on surface of specks of catalyst
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17
Q

what is steam cracking?

A
  1. heat long chian hc to vaporise
  2. mix vapour with steam
  3. heat to very high temp
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18
Q

what are alkenes?

general formula?

reactivity?

A
  • hc with C=C
  • unsaturated
  • CnH2n
  • C=C open to single bond so carbon can bond with other atom making it more reactive than alkanes
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19
Q

what are the first four alkenes?

A
  • ethene
  • propene
  • butene
  • pentene
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20
Q

why do alkenes not combust completely?

what are the products?

A
  • not enough oxygen in air
  • incomplete combustion
  • smoky yellow flame
  • less energy
  • produce CO or C
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21
Q

what is a functional group?

A
  • group ofatoms in molecule
  • determines how typically reacts
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22
Q

how do alkenes react generally?

A
  • addition reactions
  • C=C opens up and new atom added to single bonds
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23
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A
  • hydrogen reacts with alkene in presence of catalyst
  • forms alkane
24
Q

what is hydration?

A
  • alkenes react with steam in presence of catalyst
  • water added across double bond
  • form alcohol
25
Q

how do you make ethanol industrially?

A

-mix ethene with steam and pass over catalyst to make ethanol

reaction mixture passed from reactor into condenser

  • ethanol and water have higher bp than ethene so both condense
  • unreacted ethene gas recycled back into reactor

alcohol then purified from mixture by fractional distillation

26
Q

what is halogenation?

give example

A
  • addition reaction with bromine/chlorine/iodine
  • saturated
  • bromine and ethene = dibromoethane
27
Q

how can you use the addition of bromine to double bond to test for alkenes?

A
  • when orange bromine water added to saturated compound: stays orange
  • when added to alkene: bromine adds across C=C and solution decolourised
28
Q

what are polymers?

A
  • long molecules formed when small molecule monomers join
  • polymerisation
29
Q

plastics are made of polymers

A
  • carbon based
  • monomers often alkenes
30
Q

what are addition polymers made up of?

A

-monomers with double covalent bond

31
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

-unsaturated monomers (alkenes) open double bond and join to form long polymer chains

32
Q

what are the products in addition polymerisation?

A
  • addition polymer
  • contains same type/number atoms as monomer that formed it
33
Q

what are alcohols?

general formula?

A
  • hydration of alkene
  • CnH2n+1OH
34
Q

what are the first four alcohols?

A
  • methanol
  • ethanol
  • propanol
  • butanol
35
Q

what are the properties of alcohol?

A
  • flammable so combust completely
  • soluble in water, neutral pH solution
  • react with sodium produce hydrogen
  • oxidise to form carboxylic acid
36
Q

why are alcohols like methanol and ethanol used as solvents in industries?

A
  • can dissolve things water can and can’t
  • hc/oil/fats
37
Q

how can ethanol be used as a fuel?

A
  • spirit burners
  • burns cleanly
  • odourless
38
Q

what is fermentation?

what can it make?

A
  • uses enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethaniol
  • CO2 produced
  • reaction occurs in solution so product is aqueous
39
Q

what conditions are needed for fermentation?

A
  • 37°C
  • slightly acidic solution
  • under anaerobic conditions (oxygen)
40
Q

what would happen if fermentation happened with the wrong conditions?

A
  • lower pH/higher temp or higher pH/lower temp
  • enzyme denatured
  • work at slower rate
41
Q

what are carboxylic acids?

functional group?

A
  • formed when alcohol oxidises
  • COOH
42
Q

what are the first four carboxylic acids?

A
  • methanoic acid
  • ethanoic acid
  • propanoic acid
  • butanoic acid
43
Q

carboxylic acid + carbonate

A

salt + water + CO2

44
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A
  • partially ionise
  • few molecules release H+ ions
  • weak acidic solution
  • higher pH (less acidic) than strong acids with same concentration
45
Q

what are esters?

functional group?

what acid catalyst can be used?

A
  • alcohol + carboxylic acid –(acid catalyst)–> ester + water
  • COO-
  • concentrated sulfuric acid
46
Q

give an example of how ethyl ethanoate can be formed

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol –> ethyl ethanoate + water

47
Q

what is condensation polymerisation?

A
  • monomers with different functional groups
  • react and bonds form between them makeing polymer chain
  • each new bond means small molecule (water) lost
48
Q

how is the number of types of monomers different for addition and condensation polymerisation?

A
  • ADDITION: only one monomer type containing C=C
  • CONDENSATION: two monomer types each containing two of the same functional groups

or

one monomer type with two different functionl groups

49
Q

how is the number of products different for addition and condensation polymerisation?

A
  • ADDITION: only one product formed
  • CONDENSATION: two types of products (polymer and water)
50
Q

how are the functional groups involved in polymerisation different for addition and condensation polymerisation?

A
  • ADDITION: C=C in monomer
  • CONDENSATION: two reactive groups on each monomer
51
Q

what functional groups do amino acids contain?

give an example

A
  • basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH)
  • glycine
52
Q

what polymers do amino acids form?

A
  • popypeptides via condensation polymerisation
  • amino group reacts with other acid group to form polymer chain
  • every new bond water lost
53
Q

how are proteins made?

what uses do they have in the human body?

A
  • one or more long chains of polypeptides
  • enzymes work as catalysts
  • haemoglobin transports oxygen
  • antibodies part of immune system
  • majority of body tissues made from proteins
54
Q

what gives proteins and polypeptides their properties and shape?

A

-order of different amino acids in polymer chains

55
Q

what is DNA?

A
  • contains genetic instructions that allow organisms to develop and operate
  • large molecule that has double helix structure
56
Q

what and how do polymers make DNA?

A
  • two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides
  • each contains small base molecule (A,C,G,T)
  • bases on different chain cross links to keep nucleotides together giving double helix structure
  • order of bases act as code for organism’s genes

Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter (11 decks)

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