organic chem (paper 2)

Question 1

fermentation equation

Answer 1

glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 2

how does the bromine test work

Answer 2

-the double bond C=C of the alkene reacts with the bromine to form a colourless product
(the bromine is therefor removed from the solution which loses its colour)

Question 3

what is yeast fermentation a type of

Answer 3

anaerobic respiration

Question 4

what is added to glucose during fermentation

Answer 4

yeast

Question 5

how do you further concentrate alcohol

Answer 5

fractional distilisation

Question 6

describe fractional distilisation of alcohols

Answer 6

-filtered fermented glucose is solution is heated
-ethanol has a lower boiling point than water so evaporates sooner
-separates and is condensed
-the first fraction collected with therefor have a high ethanol concentration

Question 7

what is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 7

CnH2n+1OH

Question 8

what are the similar chemical properties of alcohols

Answer 8

-can be oxidised to form compounds called carboxylic acids

-produce carbon dioxide and water on complete combustion

-react with reactive metals to form hydrogen as one of the products

Question 9

alcohol functional group

Answer 9

-OH

Question 10

uses of alcohols

Answer 10

used as solvents in:
cosmetics
medical drugs
varnishes

Question 11

how are carboxylic acids made

Answer 11

through the gentle oxidation of alcohols using oxidising agents (such as copper oxide)

Question 12

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

Answer 12

CnH2n+1COOH

Question 13

what does the oxidation of alcohols with oxidising agents produce

Answer 13

carboxylic acid + water + (the metal of the agent)

Question 14

what are the similar chemical properties of carboxylic acids

Answer 14

-form acidic PH
-react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen
-react with bases to form a salt and water
-react with carbonates to form a salt water and carbon dioxide

Question 15

how to test for carboxylic acids

Answer 15

add calcium carbonate
observe fizzing as the acid will produce carbon dioxide gas

Question 16

word equation between ethanoic acid and calcium carbonate

Answer 16

ethanoic acid + calcium carbonate = calcium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

Question 17

what are 3 naturally occuring polymers

Answer 17

DNA
starch
proteins

Question 18

what are the 4 common polymers

Answer 18

poly(ethene)
poly(propene)
poly(chloroethene)
poly(tetrafluoroethene)

Question 19

poly(ethene) properties and uses

Answer 19

Properties: flexible, cheap, good insulator

Uses: plastic bags, plastic bottles, cling film, polytunnels

Question 20

poly(propene) properties and uses

Answer 20

Properties: flexible, shatter proof
Uses: buckets bowls, crates, ropes, carpets

Question 21

poly(chloroethene) properties and uses

Answer 21

Properties: tough, good insulator, can be hard or flexible

Uses: window frames, gutters, pipes, insulation for electrical wires

Question 22

poly(tetrafluroethene)

Answer 22

Properties: tough, slippers

Uses: non-stick coatings for frying pans and kitchen utensils, burette taps, stain proof clothing and carpets

Question 23

what is the functional group for esters

Answer 23

-coo

Question 24

what is the order when esters are made

Answer 24

carboxylic acid and then alcohol

Question 25

stages of recycling polymers

Answer 25

-collect the waste
-sort into different types (this must be done by hand and so if annoying)
-dispose of waste that cannot be recycled in a landfill site
-clean the polymers and grind them into chippings then process them into a new product

Question 26

what is a better way of carrying out flame tests

Answer 26

flame photometry