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gcse chemistry > Fuels, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences > Flashcards

Fuels, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Cyanobacteria and how did they contribute to the earths atmosphere

A

Cyanobacteria are some
of the earliest photosynthetic
organisms.
They live in shallow water.
Cyanobacteria and other organisms put more and more oxygen into the oceans, and some of this ended up in the atmosphere.
Over time, the amount of oxygen rose to its current levels.

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2
Q

what was the main gas in the atmosphere at the start

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

what did volcanos produce

A

lots of Co2
some methane, nitrogen, ammonia
water vapour

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4
Q

what metal compound shows that there was little oxygen in the atmosphere previously

A

Iron Pyrite

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5
Q

how do plants effect the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

A

Plants need food to grow, and they release oxygen as they make food using photosynthesis. The spread of land plants increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

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6
Q

what percentage of oxygen makes up the earths atmosphere today

A

21%

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7
Q

What percentage of nitrogen and oxygen are in today’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen – 78%
oxygen - 21%

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8
Q

how carbon dioxide has decreased over time

A

Locked up in sedimentary rocks
Locked up in fossil fuels
Photosynthesis
Dissolved in the oceans

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9
Q

How is todays atmosphere different to before

A

Before:
there was mostly Carbon Dioxide
Some Water Vapour
Small amount Methane
Small amount Ammonia
Little to no oxygen

Now:
Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Noble Gases 0.01%

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10
Q

how is acid rain formed

A

the sulphur produced when burning fuels in cars, seep into the atmosphere and react with water in the clouds to produce acid rain

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11
Q

define a hydrocarbon

A

compound made purely of hydrogen and carbon

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12
Q

what is the formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

what is the formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

what is the test for an alkene

A

mix with bromine water, if the solution turns from yellow-orange to colourless

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15
Q

define a homologous series

A

a family with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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16
Q

define a hydrocarbon

A

compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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17
Q

what is an isomer

A

the same molecular formula but the different arrangement of atoms

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18
Q

what is a functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

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19
Q

what would the equation be for the complete combustion of methane

A

CH4 + 2O(2)= Co2 + 2H(2)O

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20
Q

what is the balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethene

A

C(2)H(4) + O2 = C0(2) + H2O

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21
Q

what is bromine water

A

aqueous bromine/ bromine dissolved in water

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What are the six fractions of crude oil

A

Gases
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel
Bitumen

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24
Q

What are the six fractions of crude oil

A

Gases
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel
Bitumen

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25
Q

Use for gases in the faction

A

Domestic heating and cooling

26
Q

Uses for petrol

A

Fuel for cars

27
Q

Uses for kerosene

A

Fuel for aircraft’s

28
Q

Uses for diesel oil

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

29
Q

Uses for diesel oil

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

30
Q

Uses for fuel oil

A

For large ships and power stations

31
Q

Uses for bitumen

A

Paving roads

32
Q

What is the trend down the crude oil column

A

-viscosity increase
-ease of ignition decreases
-abundance of carbon atoms increase
-boiling point increase

33
Q

Formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+4

34
Q

First 5 alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

35
Q

Properties indicating the same homologous series

A

Same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Gradual variation in physical properties

36
Q

Complete combustion of methane word equation

A

Methane+oxygen=carbon dioxide + water

37
Q

What is in the U shaped tube when complete combustion is investigated

A

Copper sulfate

38
Q

What is in the U shaped tube when complete combustion is investigated

A

Copper sulfate

39
Q

What colour does copper sulfate turn when water vapour condenses in the U shaped tube

A

Blue (hydrated copper sulfate)

40
Q

When can incomplete combustion occur scenario

A

When the air hole on a Bunsen burner is closed

41
Q

Problems of carbon monoxide

A

Toxic gas binds to heoglobin preventing oxygen

42
Q

What causes acid rain

A

Impurities of subdue dioxide in fuels

43
Q

What prevents harmful NOx

A

Catalytic converters in cars convert nitrogen into safe compounds

44
Q

Advantages of cracking crude oils

A

To match supply with demand
To produce hydrocarbons that are used to make polymers

45
Q

main cause of acid rain (SO2)

A

.hydrocarbon fuels containing impurities of sulphur compounds
.sulphur reacts with oxygen to produce sulphur dioxide
.sulfur dioxide dissolves in water in clouds to form acids including sulfurous acid that falls creating acid rain

46
Q

balanced equation for sulfur dissolving in water in clouds

A

H2O + SO2 = H2SO3

47
Q

balanced equation for sulfurous acid oxidising to form sulfuric acid

A

2H2SO3 + O2 = 2H2SO4

48
Q

impacts of acid rain

A
  • crops do not grow well when soil is too acidic
    (reduces crop yield)

-excess acidity in rivers and lakes prevent fish eggs hatching and can kill fish and insects

-increases rate of weathering of buildings made of limestone or marble

-increases corrosion of metals such as iron in steel weakening them

49
Q

word equation of calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid

A

calcium carbonate + sulfuric acid = calcium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide

50
Q

corrosion of iron due to acid rain equation

A

iron + sulfuric acid = iron(II) sulfate + hydrogen

51
Q

effects of NOx

A

-nitrogen dioxide can react with water in clouds to produce dilute nitric acid that falls as acid rain

-nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory disease such as bronchitis

52
Q

why is hydrogen a suitable fuel

A

-combustion of hydrogen produces steam but not carbon dioxide (environmental benefits)
-easily ignited
-produces a large amount of energy during its combustion

53
Q

how could hydrogen fuel be obtained

A

-a by-product of cracking
-can be produced by reacting methane with with steam

54
Q

cons of hydrogen fuel

A

-gas at room temperature therefor hard to hard to store in large amounts

55
Q

what is the proof that carbon dioxide dissolved into the water

A

shells made of calcium carbonate CO3

56
Q

describe the greenhouse effect ( 4 marks 6 bullets)

A

-energy from the sun travels to the earth as short wave length radiation

-most radiation passes through the atmosphere to the earth surface

-the energy of the radiation is absorbed when it reaches the surface of the earth

-surface of the earth radiates energy as long wavelength radiation

-some re-emitted energy is absorbed by greenhouse gases and trapped in the atmosphere

-causing temperatures increase

57
Q

which is a more powerful greenhouse gas methane or carbon dioxide and why

A

methane is much better at absorbing infrared radiation

58
Q

what are ways methane is produced

A
  • bacteria in landfill sites and rich paddy fields
    -bacteria in the stomachs of cows to digest tough grass produce methane
    -
59
Q

effects of climate change

A

-ice melting due to higher temperatures cause increased flooding

-some animals wont be able to survive warmer climates or unable to find new habitats

-extreme weather events effecting wild life and crop growth

-acidic gas dissolving will lower seawater PH effecting organisims

60
Q
A

gcse chemistry (12 decks)

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