Organic Chem Exam 1 Flashcards
molecular orbital (MO) theory
bonds result from the mathematical combination of atomic orbitals to give molecular orbitals, which belong to the entire molecule
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers.
valence bond theory
A bonding theory that describes a covalent bond as resulting from the overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Brønsted–Lowry acid
A substance that donates a hydrogen ion (proton; ) to a base.
Brønsted–Lowry base
A substance that accepts from an acid.
Lewis acid
A substance with a vacant low-energy orbital that can accept an electron pair from a base. All electrophiles are Lewis acids.
Lewis base
A substance that donates an electron lone pair to an acid. All nucleophiles are Lewis bases.
aliphatic
A nonaromatic hydrocarbon such as a simple alkane, alkene, or alkyne.
Conformational isomers
Isomers having the same bond connectivity sequence and can be interconverted by rotation around one or more single (σ) bonds.
constitutional isomers
Isomers that have their atoms connected in a different order. For example, butane and 2-methylpropane are constitutional isomers.
isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
saturated
A molecule that has only single bonds and thus can’t undergo addition reactions. Alkanes are saturated, but alkenes are unsaturated.
stereoisomers
Isomers that have their atoms connected in the same order but have different three-dimensional arrangements. The term stereoisomer includes both enantiomers and diastereomers.
If two atoms have the same number of protons but different atomic masses, the two atoms
are ______________________ of each other.
isotopes
By the ______________________ definition of acids and bases, an electron-pair donor is a(n) ______________________.
Lewis; Base
