Chapter 7 Flashcards
Quantum Numbers - n
Name: Principal
Character: Shell (distance from the nucleus), determines energy, higher the n the higher the energy
Value: (1…infinity)
Quantum Numbers - L
Name: Azimuthal
Character: Subshell (type of orbitals)
Value: (1-n) L=0 (s) L=1( p) L=2 (d) L=3 (f)
Quantum Numbers - mL
Name: Magnetic
Character: Orbital’s orientation
Value: (-L-+L), range
Quantum Numbers - ms
Name: Spin
Character: Up/Down
Value: +½ or -½
L=0
s
L=1
p
L=2
d
L=3
f
Orbital is a
box
S has how many orbitals
S has 1 orbitals=2 e
P has how many orbitals
P has 3 orbitals=6 e
D has how many orbitals
D has 5 orbitals=10 e
F has how many orbitals
F has 7 orbitals=14 e
Valence is the
outermost
Core electrons
inner shell
Electron Configuration:
What is the name of the atom that has a 1s^22s^22p^4 ground-state electron configuration?
Oxygen
- 1s 2p
- 2s 2p
- 3s 3p
- 4s 3d 4p
- 5s 4d 5p
- 6s 5p 6p
- 7s 6d
- 4f 5f
Aufbau
Electrons fill the lowest orbital first
Hund’s rule
Electrons singly occupied orbitals first
Pauli exclusion
Each orbital can’t have more than 2 electrons, also it can’t have the same 4 quantum numbers
Heisenberg
Subatomic particle’s position and momentum cannot be determined accurately at the same time
Paramagnetic
UNPAIRED e (odd/even # of e)
Attracted to magnets
Ex: O2
Diamagnetic
PAIRED e (even # e)
Repelled by magnets
Ex: N2
Atomic radius (size):
Increase as you move down and left
Atoms get larger as you down and to the left because of higher energy n shell=larger size
Include noble gases
Size of ions (exact same element):
Anions> neutrals>cations
Isoelectronic series of ions: different elements with the same total number of e.
Ionization Energy (IE):
Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Increase as you move up and to the right
Because the smaller atoms are, the closer their electrons are to their nuclei and protons
Includes noble gases
Exceptions: N>O & Be>B
Electronegativity (EN):
An atoms’ tendency to attract electrons to itself
Increases as you move up and to the right
Doesn’t include noble gases
Electron Affinity (EA):
The energy is given off (produced) when an atom gains/accepts an e
Increase as you move up and to the right
Exceptions: N & Be=0
Doesn’t include noble gases
Metallic character
Increases going to the LEFT and DOWN
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Copper Cu
Ar 3d10 4s1
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Silver Ag
Kr 4d10 5s1
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Gold Au
Xe 4f14 5d10 6s1
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Palladium Pd
Kr 4d10
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Chromium Cr
Ar 3d5 4s1
Exceptions in EC in Transition metals:
Molybdenum Mo
Kr 4d5 5s1
Orbital shapes:
S
Sphere
Orbital shapes:
P
dumbbell
Orbital shapes:
d
four-leaf donut/dumbbell
Orbital shapes:
f
tetrahedral
