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GCSE Chem > Organic Chem > Flashcards

Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

Molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element

C2H4

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2
Q

Structural formula

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon

CH2CH2

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3
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms

CH2

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4
Q

Homologous series

A

Group of compounds with the same general formula

That share similar chemical properties

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5
Q

Alkanes info

A

Part of the homologous series that only contains carbon and hydrogen

General formula: CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Functional group

A

Molecules in the same homologous series have the same functional group

Group of atoms that determine how a compound reacts

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7
Q

General formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

Crude oil

A

Longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points

Shorter hydrocarbons have low boiling points

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9
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

Contain single bonds

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10
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Have double or triple bonds

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11
Q

Refinery gas use

A

Domestic heating and cooking

3 and under chain

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12
Q

Gasoline use

A

Fuel in cars

8 and under chain

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13
Q

Kerosene use

A

Fuel in aircraft

15 and under chain

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14
Q

Diesel use

A

Some cars, large vehicles, trains

20 and under chain

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15
Q

Fuel oil use

A

Large ships, power stations

40 and under chain

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16
Q

Bitumen use

A

Road surfaces, roofs

70+ chain

17
Q

Cracking

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

Long chain - high boiling point and are viscous

Shorter chain - thinner and paler, more demand for them

Because of the demand, long chain hydrocarbons are broken into short chain molecules using cracking
Cracking also produces alkenes

18
Q

Conditions for cracking

A

600-700 degrees

Silica or alumina are used as catalyst

19
Q

Burning hydrocarbons

A

Combustion reaction as the substance reacts with oxygen

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

20
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When there is a lack of oxygen

Carbon monoxide and soot produced.

CO stops the red blood cells carrying oxygen round the body.
Soot is trapped in the ozone layer and absorbs sun light, contributing to global dimming

21
Q

Acid rain

A

When fuels are burnt they produce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Sulfur dioxides come from sulfur impurities in the air
And nitrogen oxides are created when the temp is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen to react
When they mix with water vapour they form dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid
This forms acid rain

22
Q

Alkanes

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n+2

Alkanes burn in combustion

Halogens react with alkanes to make haloalkanes in the presence of UV light in substitution reaction with eg hydrogen bromide as an extra product

23
Q

Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons with a double bond
CnH2n
Halogens react with alkenes to form HaloALKANES

24
Q

Halogen reaction with alkenes

A

This is addition reaction because the double carbon bond is split and halogen is added

Bromine and alkenes is used to test for carbon to carbon double bonds. Shake alkene with orange bromine water it will go colourless in the presence of an alkene

25
Q

Alcohol

A

OH functional group

CnH2n+1OH

When they are oxidised they form carboxylic acids

When alcohols are burnt in enough oxygen they undergo complete combustion and produce water + carbon dioxide

26
Q

Production of ethanol

A

Ethanol is produced when ethene reacts with steam
This is an addition reaction
It’s needs a temp of 300 degrees and 60-70 atmospheres I’d pressure
Phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst

Cheap process - good yield
But crude oil is a non renewable resource which will start running out and will become more expensive

27
Q

Ethanol can be produced by fermentation

A

Made from sugar which goes C6H12O6 glucose

Happens at 30 degrees
No oxygen
Renewable

But isn’t very concentrated

28
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

COOH functional group
They react like other acids eg with salt

Vinegar contains carboxylic acids
Ethanol + oxygen —> ethanoic acid + water

29
Q

Esters

A

COO functional group
Formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid
Acid catalyst usually used
Ending is “oate”
Alcohol forms first part, acid the second part of name
Eg methanol + propanoic acid —> methyl propanoate + water

Esters often make perfumes or food flavourings because they are volatile

30
Q

Addition polymers

A

Polymers are substances of high average relative molecular mass made up of small repeating units called monomers.

These monomers have a double covalent bond
(Unsaturated) but they can open up their carbon to carbon double bonds to form polymer chains.

Name comes from type of monomer 
Eg poly(propene) (C3H6)n
31
Q

Features of addition polymers

A

Most are inert - don’t react easily because the C — C bonds don’t break easily

Takes ages for them to biodegrade

Burning plastics can release toxic gases

32
Q

Polyesters - condensation polymerisation

A

Usually involves two types of monomer they react together and form bonds between them, making polymer chains.

Each monomer must contain two functional groups and these (on either end) react with the functional group of other monomers creating long alternating monomers.

For each new bond a small molecule eg water is lost

GCSE Chem (7 decks)

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