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Alevel > Organic Chem > Flashcards

Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties w successive members differing by CH2

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3
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

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4
Q

Alkynes

A

Contain at least one triple c c bond

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5
Q

Branching on deciding longest chain length when 2 chains are the same length

A

Chain with most branches is considered longest

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6
Q

How are side chains ordered

A

Alphabetically

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7
Q

Ester suffix

A

-Oate

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8
Q

Molecular formula

A

Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

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9
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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10
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of the homologous series

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11
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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12
Q

Similarities between aldehydes and ketones

A

Same molecular formula

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13
Q

Homolytic fission

A

When each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond same molecules or same electronegativity

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14
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

When one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond more electronegative different atoms

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15
Q

What is an elimination reaction

A

A reaction involving the removal of the small molecule from larger one

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16
Q

Uses CH4 to C4H10

A

Gas in domestic fuel

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17
Q

C5H 12 to see C9H 20

A

Petrol in car is

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18
Q

C10 C16

A

Kerosene used an aircraft

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19
Q

C12 C20

A

Diesel used in cars and lorries

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20
Q

Trend in boiling point of alkanes

A

As chain length increases boiling point increases due to weak intermolecular forces London forces holding molecules together in solids and liquids

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21
Q

Effect of chain length on boiling point

A

London forces act between molecules in close the surface contact as the chain length increases molecules have a larger surface area so more service contact as possible so London forces will be greater and more energy is required to overcome the forces

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22
Q

Effect of branching on boiling point

A

Branched isomers have lower boiling points

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23
Q

Why does branching affect boiling point

A

Branched molecules mean fewer surface points of contact between molecules of branched alkanes giving fewer London forces branches get in the way and prevent the branch molecules getting as close as straight-chain

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24
Q

Why are alkanes not reactive

A

Sigma bonds are strong carbon carbon bonds are nonpolar carbon hydrogen bonds are nonpolar

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25
Q

Why are alkanes used as fuels

A

They are readily available easy to transport and burn and oxygen without releasing toxic products

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26
Q

What are the conditions are an alkane to react with the halogen

A

UV radiation or sunlight

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27
Q

Three stages of radical substitution

A

Initiation propagation termination

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28
Q

Limitations of radical substitutions

A

Further substitution CH3Br+Br2——>CH2Br2+HBr
Until all hydrogens have been substituted
Substitution at different positions in a carbon chain forming many isomers

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29
Q

Carbon bonds in an alkene

A

Each carbon has three of the four outershell electrons bonded in three Sigma bonds one to another carbon and 2 to 2 other atoms one electron on each carbon atom of the double bond is in a P orbital

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30
Q

What are Pi bonds

A

The adjacent overlap of 2p orbitals one from each carbon atom of the double bond the pi electron density is concentrated above and below the line joining the nuclei of the bonding atoms the double bond locks the carbon is in position and prevents rotation

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31
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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32
Q

Where does EZ isomerism occur

A

Only in compounds with a carbon carbon double bond

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33
Q

Why does stereoisomerism occur

A

Because rotation around the double bond is restricted due to the pipe on electron density above and below the plane of the sigma bond

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34
Q

CIs trans isomerism

A

A special case of EZ isomerism where two of the bond groups are hydrogen

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35
Q

Cis

A

Z

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36
Q

Assigning priority

A

The higher the atomic number the higher the priority

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37
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

The presence of the pie blonde the pi bond electron density is above and below the plane of the Sigma bond being on the outside of the double bond the Pi electrons are more exposed and break readily undergoing addition reactions easily

38
Q

Condition of the hydrogenation of alkenes

A

Nickel catalyst 423K

39
Q

Addition reactions of alkenes

A

Hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst
halogens
hydrogen halides and
steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

40
Q

Conditions for the halogenation of alkenes

A

Room temperature bromine water added to an alkene the double bond breaks and the orange solution goes colourless
(Test for alkenes)

41
Q

Addition reaction of hydrogen halides

A

Room temperature if the alkane is a gas reaction takes place were to gases are mixed if the alkene is a liquid The hydrogen halide is bubble through it also react with concentrated hydrochloric acid which are solutions of hydrogen halide in water
Room temp

42
Q

Hydration reaction of alkenes

A

Form alcohols in a reaction with steam H2O (g) in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst H3PO4

43
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

44
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair donator

45
Q

What causes polarisation of Br2 in the electrophilic addition of alkenes

A

Reaction between the bromines electrons in the pie bond electrons repelled

46
Q

Primary products

A

Atom attached to a carbon attached to 2 hydrogen atoms

47
Q

Secondary products

A

Atom attached to a carbon attached to one hydrogen atom

48
Q

Tertiary product

A

Atom attached to a carbon not attached to any hydrogens

49
Q

How are carbocations classified

A

By the number of alkyl groups attached to the positively charged carbon atom

50
Q

Which carbocation is most stable

A

Stability increases with the number of alkyl groups
Stability is linked to the electron donating ability of alkyl groups each alkyl group donates electrons towards a positive charge so the positive charge is spread over a larger area

51
Q

Repeat unit

A

Specific arrangement of atoms in the polymer molecule the repeats over and over always written in square brackets

52
Q

Condition from addition polymers

A

Heating a large number of monomers at high-pressure and temperature

53
Q

Polychloroethane

A

C2H3Cl

Used in pipes insulating cables flooring and bottles

54
Q

Polypropylene

A

Used in children’s toys

55
Q

Polystyrene

A

Packaging material

56
Q

Tetrafluoroethylene

A

Coating for non-stick pans

57
Q

Why is it hard to dispose of waste polymers

A

Non-biodegradable and unreactive

58
Q

Recycling polymers

A

Conserve is finite fossil fuels and decreases the amount of waste going to landfill have to be sorted by type cannot be mixed recycled polymer is cut into pellets and used by manufacturers to make new product

59
Q

PVC recycling

A

PVC has it is due to high chlorine content not sustainable to dump it when burnt PVC releases hydrogen chloride which is a corrosive gas

60
Q

Uses of waste polymers

A

As fuel can be burnt to produce heat generating steam to drive a turbine producing electricity

Feedstock recycling is grades chemical and thermal processes that can reply monomers from waste polymers monomers can then be used to produce new polymers

61
Q

Sustainable ways of disposing of waste polymers

A

Bio plastics alternative which is renewable and sustainable products based of plant starch Celulose and oils

Biodegradable polymers broken down by microorganisms into water carbon dioxide and biological compounds

Photodegradable polymers oil based polymers that are photodegradable contain bonds that r weekend by absorbing sunlight to start degradation or light absorbing additives

62
Q

Comparing alcohols and alkanes

A

Alcohols a less volatile have higher melting points and greater water solubility

63
Q

Why are alcohols less volatile than alkanes

A

Alcohol is a polar alkanes are nonpolar intermolecular forces between nonpolar molecules a week London forces alcohols form permanent dipoles and stronger hydrogen bonds. Which requires more energy to turn into a gas and break bonds than alkanes

64
Q

Solubility

A

Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water says much more water soluble alkanes are not polar and can’t form hydrogen bonds

65
Q

Solubility with increasing carbon chain of alcohol is

A

Decreases as the influence of the OH group becomes smaller and solubility of long chain alcohols become more like hydrocarbons

66
Q

Combustion of alcohols

A

Form carbon dioxide and water in an exothermic reaction

67
Q

Oxidation of alcohols condition

A

Primary and secondary alcohols a mixture of potassium dichromate acidified with dilutes sulfuric acid

68
Q

Colour changing and oxidation reaction

A

Cr2O7 2- ——> Cr 3+

Colour change from Orange to green

69
Q

Forming in aldehyde

A

Distillation of primary alcohol

70
Q

Preparation of carboxylic acid

A

Primary alcohol heating on the reflux with excess of acidified potassium dichromate

71
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

Oxidised to ketones on the reflux

72
Q

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

Do not undergo oxidation reactions

73
Q

Dehydration of alcohols

A

Water molecule removed
Alcohol heated on the reflux in the presence of an acid Catalyst
H3PO4 or H2SO4
Elimination reaction

74
Q

Substitution of reactions of alcohol is

A

Occurs with hydrogen halides to form halo alkanes alcohol heated under reflux with sulphuric acid and sodium halide hydrogen bromide is formed then the hydrogen bromide reacts with alcohol to form the halo alkane and water

75
Q

Substitution in haloalkanes

A

Nucleophilic substitution

76
Q

How can halo alkanes be converted to alcohols

A

Using aqueous sodium hydroxide slow at room temperature so heated under reflux

77
Q

Rate of hydrolysis in haloalkanes

A

Depends on the carbon halogen bond strength carbon fluorine bond is strongest Corbin iodine bond is the weakest less energy required to break so Iodo alkanes react faster

78
Q

Measuring the rate of hydrolysis

A

Add ethanal and silver nitrate and wait for precipitate to form

79
Q

Hydration of primary secondary and tertiary haloalkanes

A

Tertiary halo alkane hydrolysed fastest primary slowest primary haloalkane reacts by one step mechanism whereas secondary reacts w two step mechanism

80
Q

Alternatives to CFCs

A

Brominated flame retardant organic bromine

81
Q

What happens when organic compounds place in the mass spectrometer

A

It loses an electron and forms a positive ion the molecular Ion the mass spectrometer detects the mass to charge ratio of the molecular ion which gives the molecular mass

82
Q

Identifying the number of carbon atoms in a mass spectrum

A

Height of m+1 peak/height of m peak x100

83
Q

What does the amount a bond stretches or bends depend on

A

The mass of the atom heavier atoms vibrate slower than lighter the strength of the bond stronger bond vibrate faster than weaker bonds

84
Q

What happens in an infrared spectrometer

A

Sample placed inside a beam of IR radiation is passed through the sample molecules absorb some IR frequency and the emerging beam of radiation is analyse to identify the frequencies that have been observed connected to the computer the plot a graph a transmittance against wavenumber

85
Q

Application of infrared spectroscopy

A

Pollutants recognised and in breathalysers IR radiation passed through sample measures emissions and ethanol in the breath

86
Q

Common solvents used in NMR spectroscopy

A

CDCl3

Still produces a peak in a carbon 13 spectrum but the computer usually filters out this peak

87
Q

Carbon 13 NMR spec provides two pieces of information

A

The number of carbon environments and the type of carbon environment

88
Q

Proton NMR gives four pieces of information

A

The number of proton environments the type of proton environments the number of protons each environment and the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton

89
Q

Proton exchange

A

Classifies 0H protons proton NMR is run then a small volume of deuterium oxide is added the mixtures shaken then second spectrum is run deuterium exchanges and replaces the OH and NH protons in the sample with deuterium atoms D does not absorb in this chemical shift range so the OH Peak disappears

90
Q

Alternative is to CFC

A

HCFC HFC
Hydrocarbons
HCFCs broken down in 10 years smaller effect
But are greenhouse gases
Hydrocarbons in fridges
Aerosols replaced by pump sprays or use nitrogen
Ammonia in freezers and co2 to make foam polymers

91
Q

Test for aldehydes

A

Tollens reagent

Silver mirror forms

Alevel (8 decks)

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