Carbonyls

Question 1

Carboxylic acid and metal hydroxide

Answer 1

Metal replaces alcohol and water

Question 2

Oxidation of primary alcohols

Distil

Answer 2

K2Cr207 and H2SO4 distil to form aldehyde and water

Question 3

Oxidation of primary alcohol under reflux

Answer 3

2[O] K2Cr2O7. Forms carboxylic acid and water

Question 4

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

Answer 4

Under reflux with potassium dichromate and H2 SO4 forms a ketone and water

Question 5

Reducing agent of ketones and aldehydes

Answer 5

N a BH4
Sodium tetra hydido borate
Aldehyde or ketone is usually warmed with the reducing agent

Question 6

Reduction of aldehyde

Answer 6

With NaBH4/H2O

Forms primary alcohol

Question 7

Reduction of Keytone

Answer 7

With N a BH4 and H2O forms a secondary alcohol

Question 8

Oxidation of aldehydes

Answer 8

Forms carboxylic acid under reflux with potassium dichromate and H2 SO4

Question 9

Reaction of cyanide with aldehydes and ketones

Answer 9

Aldehyde plus HCN goes to hydroxy nitrile with N a CN/H2SO4

Question 10

Hydroxy nitrile

Answer 10

When a hydroxyl group and a CN group are attached to the same carbon

Question 11

Acidic Ester hydrolysis

Answer 11

Keytone plus H2 SO4 dilute acid Forms carboxylic acid and alcohol in a reversible reaction

Question 12

Alkaline hydrolysis

Answer 12

Esther plus NaOH Forms carboxylic acid with OH group replaced with ONa Product easy to separate as no ester leftover to get rid of Na add strong acid to flood with H+ ions

Question 13

Acid anhydride

Answer 13

When to carboxylic. Acids react form and Esther and eliminate water

Question 14

Acyl chloride

Answer 14

When a carboxylic acid reacts with thionyl chloride Replaces hydroxyl group with chlorine

Question 15

Acyl chloride reactions

Answer 15

When they react with amines phenols and water the chlorine gets replaced

Question 16

Oxidation reagents

Answer 16

Potassium dichromate and H2 SO4

Question 17

Oxidisation of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 17

Ketones are less reactive and do not undergo oxidation reactions

Question 18

Reducing agent

Answer 18

NaBH4 Sodium tetrahydridoborate And water solution is warmed

Question 19

When aldehydes and ketones are reduced what did they form

Answer 19

Alcohols

Question 20

Reactions with HCN

Answer 20

Add across C=O bond

Question 21

Cyanide

Answer 21

Colourless and poisonous gas oil is just above room temperature increases the length of a carbon chain

Question 22

Aldehyde plus HCN

Answer 22

H2SO4/NaCN

Forms hydroxynitrile

Question 23

Test for carbonyls

Answer 23

2,4-DNP
Brady’s reagent
Dissolved in methanol and sulphuric acid as a pale solution

Question 24

Positive result for presence of carbonyls

Answer 24

Orange precipitate

Question 25

Distinguishing between aldehydes and ketones

Answer 25

Tollings reagent solution of silver nitrate and aqueous ammonia forms a silver mirror when an aldehyde is present

Question 26

Tollings reagent reaction

Answer 26

AG act as an oxidising agent with NH3 silver ions reduced to silver Aldehyde oxidised to carboxylic acid

Question 27

Carboxylic acid solubility

Answer 27

Soluble up to 4 carbons as polar C=O and 0H bonds form hydrogen bonds as chain length increases nonpolar carbon chain has a greater effect and solubility decreases

Question 28

Strength of carboxylic acids

Answer 28

Weak acids only partially dissociates in water

Question 29

Carboxylic acid plus base

Answer 29

Forms carboxylate salt and water magnesium ethanoate

Question 30

Test for carboxylic acids

Answer 30

Only sufficiently acidic organic compound to react with carbonates produces carbon dioxide is test with limewater

Question 31

Esterification conditions

Answer 31

Requires high temperature and concentrated acid catalyst

Question 32

Esther

Answer 32

Alcohol plus carboxylic acid warmed with H2 SO4

Question 33

Propanoic acid plus ethanol

Answer 33

Ethyl propanoate

Question 34

Hydrolysis of esters

Answer 34

By acid or alkali

Question 35

Acid hydrolysis of Astors

Answer 35

Reflux with die loot aqueous acid forms carboxylic acid and alcohol broken down by water with acid catalyst reversible reaction in equilibrium

Question 36

Alkaline hydrolysis of Astors

Answer 36

Irreversible heated under reflux’s with NAOOH forms carboxylate salt and alcohol

Question 37

NaBH4

Answer 37

Sodium tetrahydridoborate

Question 38

2,4 DNP

Answer 38

2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine