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organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

A substance with molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.​

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2
Q

how many bonds can a carbon atom form

A

4

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3
Q

why are alkanes saturated

A

they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.

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4
Q

how many bonds are between carbon atoms in alkenes

A

double bond (C=C)

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5
Q

why does methene not exist

A

bc meth has only 1 carbon bond, methane exists bc alkanes have only 1 carbon bond

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6
Q

name the first 4 alkanes

A

methane,ethane,propane,butane

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7
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

they contain less than the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.

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8
Q

whats the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

define voltality

A

the tendency of a substance to turn from liquid to gas (evaporate)

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10
Q

whats the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

viscosity

A

a liquids resistance to flow

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12
Q

whatre the properties of short chain hydrocarbons

A

-lower boiling point and viscosity
-higher volatility and flammability

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13
Q

whatre the properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A
  • high boiling point and viscosity
    -lower volatility and flammability
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14
Q

whatre the steps in fractional distillation

A

1- crude oil is heated then vapourised -> goes into bottom of fractional tower
2-short chain hydrocarbons vapourise then cool as thet rise due to a lower boiling point
3- long chain hydrocarbons vapourise and condense at the bottom as they have a higher boiling point
the bottom of tower is hotter than top
4- fractions condense and cool

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15
Q

why do we use fractional distilation

A

to seperate different fractions of hydrocarbons in crude oil depending on their boiling point, short chains are more useful

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16
Q

which comes first, cracking or fractional distilation

A

fractional distilation, cracking breaks down larger fractions from the top of fractionating tower into more usefull shorter hydrocarbons

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of cracking

A
  • steam cracking and catalyctic cracking
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18
Q

what gases are released when fuels are burnt

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water vapours
    -carbon monoxide (odourless and colourless gas)
  • sulfer dioxide
    -nitrogen oxides (formed at high temp)
  • solid particles (soot(carbon) and unburnt fuels)
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19
Q

whatre the 3 effects of burning fuels

A
  • acid rain (nitrogen oxide and sulfer dioxide)
  • climate change (carbon dioxide)
    -global dimming (solid particles)
20
Q

what happens during the combusion of hydrocarbons

A
  • carbon and hydrogen are oxidised(gains oxygen )
    -fuels release energy
21
Q

hydrocarbons + oxygen ->

A

carbon dioxide+ water

22
Q

hydrocarbon + low oxygen supply

A

carbon monoxide

23
Q

carbon with no oxygen

A

carbon particles (soot)

24
Q

whatre the 2 ways ethanol (a biofuel) can be made

A

1- reacting ethene with steam (uses phosphoric acid catalyst but ethene is from crude oil which is nonrenewable)
2- fermenting glucose at 20-35 degrees (using enzymes in yeast which is a natural catalyst and renewable resource)

25
Q

whatre the advantages of using biofuels

A
  • biodiesel spillage is less harmful than spilling crude oil since it burns cleanly and reduces sulfer dioxide emissions
  • biofuels will become cheaper
  • carbon nutral since co2 in=co2 out
26
Q

what are the disadvantages of biofuels

A

-famland used to grow biofuels instead of food will cause famine(starvation) in poorer countries
-habitats destroyed from deforestation which decreases biodiversity

27
Q

describe the cracking process

A
  • heat then vapourise the hydrocarbon
  • vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or steam with very high pressure
28
Q

how can alkenes be told apart from alkanes

A

bromine water turns colourless

29
Q

which hydrocarbon can make polymers,give an example

A
  • alkenes
  • ex poly(ethene)
30
Q

what happens in polymerisation reactions

A

many monomers (smaller molecules) join together to form polymers

31
Q

what do properties of polymers depend on

A

conditions theyre made under and what theyre made of

32
Q

what are thermosoftening polymers

A

polymers that consist of tangled polymer chains with no crosslinks between them

33
Q

why do thermosoftening polymers melt easily

A

they have weak intermolecular forces which allows them to be easily remoulded

34
Q

whatre cross links

A

strong covalent bonds

35
Q

what are thermosetting polymers

A

polymers that consist of polymer chains with cross linkks between them

36
Q

why do thermosetting polymers not melt easily

A

they have strong covalent cross link bonds that require loads of energyt o seperate/ break apart

37
Q

why is it an issue if polymers arent biodegradable (break down by microbes)

A

theyre desposed but dont break up for years which causes them to be carried by oceans to form garbage patches which marine animals consume

38
Q

why are plastic bangs made of polymers and cornstarch

A

so they become biodegradabke and break down easily so less damage is caused to the environment

39
Q

what functional group do alcohold contain

A

-OH

40
Q

whatre the uses and properties of alcohols

A
  • flammable and can undergo complete combustion
    -soluble (dissove in water to form neutral solutions)
    -burn in air
    -used as fuels and solvents
    ethanol used in alcoholic drinks
41
Q

whatre the 2 ways ethanol can be oxidised to form ethanoic acid

A

-chemical oxidising agents
-microbial actions

42
Q

whats the main acid in vinegar

A

ethanoic acid

43
Q

whats the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

43
Q

whatre the properties of carboxylic acids

A

they react with cabonates to form carbon dioxide
dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
react with alcohols in the presence of acid catalyst to form esters
dont ionise completely so theyre weak acids

43
Q

whats the functional group for esters

A

coo

44
Q

how is ethanyl ethanoate formed

A

by reacting ethanol and ethanoic acid with the presence of an acid catalyst

45
Q

why are esters used as flavourings and perfumes

A

cause they have distinctive smells and are voltalite

chemistry (16 decks)

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