Organic Basics (11)

Question 1

What is the main element in organic chemistry?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What is a hydrocarbon chain?

Answer 2

A compound that contains carbons and hydrogens only

Question 3

Saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

A hydrocarbon chain that only has single bonds

Question 4

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 4

A hydrocarbon chain with carbon-carbon multiple bonds like double bonds for example. This means these bonds can be broken and other hydrogens can be added.

Question 5

What is a homologous series?

Answer 5

A homologous series is a family of compounds that all have the same functional group, general formula and each successive member differs by -CH2. An example is alkenes.

Question 6

What is a functional group?

Answer 6

A functional group is a part of an organic molecule that is responsible for its chemical properties e.g. -OH group on alcohols

Question 7

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 7

Straight or branched hydrocarbon chain

Question 8

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 8

Contains a benzene ring

Question 9

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 9

Contains a non-aromatic ring

Question 10

Alkyl groups

Answer 10

Fragments of molecules e.g. CH3

Question 11

General formula

Answer 11

An algebraic formula that describes a homologous series

Question 12

Empirical formula

Answer 12

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of an element in a compound

Question 13

Molecular formula

Answer 13

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 14

Structural formula

Answer 14

Shows arrangements of each carbon e.g. CH3CH2CH3

Question 15

Skeletal formula

Answer 15

Shows functional groups only and a hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 16

Displayed formula

Answer 16

Shows how all atoms are arranged

Question 17

What is the functional group and suffix of alkanes?

Answer 17

C-C ends in -ane

Question 18

What is the functional group and suffix of alkenes?

Answer 18

C=C ends in -ene

Question 19

What is the functional group and prefix of haloalkanes?

Answer 19

C-X where X is halogen, starts in halogen name e.g. chloro-

Question 20

What is the functional group and suffix of alcohols?

Answer 20

C-OH ends in -ol

Question 21

What is the functional group and suffix of aldehydes?

Answer 21

R-C=O ends in -al

H

Question 22

What is the functional group and suffix of ketones?

Answer 22

R-C=O ends in -one

R

Question 23

What is the functional group and suffix of carboxylic acids?

Answer 23

R-C=O ends in -oic acid

OH

Question 24

What is the functional group and suffix of esters?

Answer 24

R-C=O
R starts in alkyl- or ends in -anoate
O

Question 25

What is the functional group and suffix of acyl chlorides?

Answer 25

R-C=O ends in -oyl chloride | Cl

Question 26

What is the functional group and suffix of amine?

Answer 26

R-N-H ends in -amine | H

Question 27

What is the functional group and suffix of an amide?

Answer 27

R-C=O ends in -amide | NH2

Question 28

What is the functional group and suffix of a nitrile?

Answer 28

-C ≡ N ends in -nitrile

Question 29

What is the functional group and suffix of an ether?

Answer 29

C-O-C ends in -oxy or -ane

Question 30

How to name organic compounds?

Answer 30

1) Count the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain you can form. 2) Notice any functional groups that can help tell you the suffix 3) Notice any side chains and add them as prefixes in alphabetical order, write the number carbon they are on 4) If there is more than one of the same side chain add di- tri- or tetra- in front of it 5) Numbers are separated by commas and a number and a letter is separated by a hyphen

Question 31

What is an isomer and what types are there?

Answer 31

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formulae but their atoms are arranged differently. There are structural and stereoisomers.

Question 32

Structural isomers

Answer 32

These are compounds that have the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae because their atoms are connected in different ways.

Question 33

Chain Isomers

Answer 33

The carbon skeleton is arranged differently for example it might go from a straight chain to a branched chain.

Question 34

Positional isomers

Answer 34

The carbon skeleton stays the same, however, the functional group is moved to a different carbon atom so has different chemical properties

Question 35

Functional group isomer

Answer 35

Atoms can be arranged into different functional groups and these have very different physical and chemical properties.

Question 36

Steps to go through when trying to find an isomer

Answer 36

1) Can I rearrange the carbon skeleton? Can it be branched or straightened. Make sure you check if it's symmetrical because carbon single bonds can rotate freely. 2) Can I move the functional group elsewhere? 3) Can I change this functional group into something else?

Question 37

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 37

When a covalent bond is broken by homolytic fission, each atom in the covalent bond receives one electron. This means you end up with two atoms that each have a single unpaired electron. These are radicals

Question 38

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 38

When a covalent bond is broken by heterolytic fission one atoms will take both of the electrons and one of them won't take any. This results in the formation of a positive and negative ion

Question 39

What is a reaction mechanism?

Answer 39

It gives you information on how the reaction takes place like what is receiving or donating electrons

Question 40

Why do we use curly arrows in reaction mechanisms?

Answer 40

It shows how electron pairs move when bonds are broken or made

Question 41

Addition Reaction

Answer 41

When two reactants join together to form one product

Question 42

Substitution Reaction

Answer 42

When an atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms so it is substituted.

Question 43

Elimination Reaction

Answer 43

You have one reactant and small molecules are removed from the large molecule to make two products